【正文】 age and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, petence is a property of the mind of each individual.69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why? performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the petence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between petence and performance. What do you think are their major differences? while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.67. How do you understand petence and performance? it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable。The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech munity, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract。 First, the spoken form is prior to the written form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language. Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposes Finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue. 66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study? The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study。 It collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.64. Traditional grammar is prescriptive。but animal call systems are genetically transmitted. 63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal munication system has duality or even es near to possessing it. 4) DisplacementWhat are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 1) ArbitrarinessThe term human in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the munication systems of other living creatures. The term munication means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their municative needs. 62. they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. V. Answer the following questions as prehensively as possible. Give examples Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use。 Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 60.langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech munity。Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic munication.59.s knowledge of the rules of his language, 58.24. arbitrary 25. syntax22. abstract II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. knowledge human munication. Explain it in detail. 62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? 64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand petence and performance ?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between petence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why? I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: for illustration if necessary: 61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for46. LanguageD. both A and B IV. Define the following terms: 41. LinguisticsB. teaching B. dualityB. sounds C. langueB. performanceC. applied… pragmaticD. parative took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view. D.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tonguein linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B.B. correct Introduction I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. Gener