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2024-12-29 11:58本頁(yè)面
【正文】 ies on environmental issues This undermines petitive position of oil and chemical industries Lead by influencing EU consensus rather than by example Significant regional and national variation on environmental regulations Competition to be greener Variation prevents the existence of a ‘level playing field’ Place environmental decision making and implementation in the hands of one body Cleanup costs are a formidable exit barrier Land can be released if economically viable Costs of cleanup should be balanced against cost of land reclamation However, the government’s willingness to discuss and reach consensus was appreciated 9 All interviewees recognised the ‘World Class’ infrastructure of Rotterdam, although there are three major contentious issues Port fees Common carrier pipeline Maasvlakte 2 Current situation Industry viewpoint Alternative approach Harbour dues based on tonnage rather than services used Rotterdam is more expensive than Antwerp, Le Havre or Hamburg. The oil industry ‘subsidises’ the container industry Base charges more on services than on tonnage basis No moncarrier pipeline exists May be economically viable Consider mon carrier where extra flexibility needed, but pensate owners of pipelines for investment and risk Positive discussion likely: new land reclamation at high cost Extra land will favour chemical sector The oil industry does not require extra land Ensure proper funding for Maasvlakte 2: No burden on oil industry 10 Pressure for rationalisation is likely to coincide with timing of investment to meet future fuel specifications Overcapacity Future fuel specifications Current situation Industry viewpoint Despite recent closures, there remains up to 15% overcapacity ? As many as 13 EU refineries need to close ? Issue plicated further by recent mergers ? Cleanup costs remain the biggest barrier to exit。H 374,000 400,000 180,000 148,000 70,000 10,000 Botlek Vlissingen + x Amsterdam Europoort 79,500 Koch Europoort Source: Ministry of Economic Affairs 14 All elements of the oil sector are closely integrated Chemical cluster Refining International trading port Open and cooperative government Storage and Bunkering Services, utilities and contractors 15 This integration is supported by world class infrastructure Harbours and terminals ? Deep water harbours, particularly Rotterdam ? Direct accessibility for the world’s largest tankers ? High volume capacity and short turnaround time ? Extensive barge handling Pipelines ? Supply Belgium and Germany with crude and products ? Connections to major chemical clusters in and beyond the Netherlands ? More than 1100km work within Rotterdam linking producers and storage panies Road and Rail ? Considerable infrastructure currently in place ? Major investment programme in progress 16 The Dutch ports, particularly Rotterdam, benefit from advantageous locations ? Close to North Sea oil fields ? Natural port for ME crudes destined for NW European market ? Holland one of the most densely populated European countries ? Population of 160 million within 500km radius ? Navigable inland waterways to major markets 17 . Weaknesses 18 Overcapacity has led to low profitability in the Dutch oil sector and increasing pressure for rationalisation Refining Storage ? Overcapacity in Holland reflects the trend in EU as a whole ? Export refineries with low conver
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