【正文】 tion catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with Alzheimer39。 in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nervetonerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In postsynaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the plex of receptor bined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as ?nicotinic‘。 9 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O謝謝！！！ 2021年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小 抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ?effector‘ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and nonnerve cells. This process is termed ?chemical neurotransmission‘ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ?cholinergic‘. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the socalled motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a mand is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds。具體體現(xiàn)在兩個方面：（ 1）調(diào)查統(tǒng)計工作為制定正確的金融方針和貨幣政策提供依據(jù)。調(diào)查統(tǒng)計工作的重要性集中體現(xiàn)在三個方面：第一，調(diào)查統(tǒng)計部門是中央銀行的基礎(chǔ)業(yè)務(wù)部門 ；第二，調(diào)查統(tǒng)計部門是中央銀行的綜合業(yè)務(wù)部門；第三，調(diào)查統(tǒng)計體系是貨幣政策決策的重要信息支持系統(tǒng)。 簡述中央銀行調(diào)查統(tǒng)計工作的地位與作用。 答：對宏觀經(jīng)濟運行狀況否是有一個科學(xué)的判斷，是中央銀行貨幣政策制定和調(diào)整能否準(zhǔn)確和適度的前提。 第三級，將貨幣概覽和特定存款機構(gòu)概覽合并形成金融概覽。 銀行風(fēng)險的一般概念是什么？它包括哪幾種風(fēng)險 p290 購買力統(tǒng)計分析常使用哪些指標(biāo)？ p342 什么是金融統(tǒng)計資料的三級匯總？ 第一級，將金融統(tǒng)計資料合并形成貨幣當(dāng)局概覽、存款貨幣銀行概覽和特定存款機構(gòu)概覽表。 ，（ ABCDE）是可供選擇的貨幣政策標(biāo)的。 ，屬于一般性貨幣政策工具的是（ ABE）。這些環(huán)節(jié)主要包括（ BCDE）。 、用、還三方面 四、多項選擇題 各項中，（ ABDE）屬于貨幣政策的特征。 （ C）為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，以行業(yè)自律為基礎(chǔ)。 （ B）年確立中央銀行體制后逐步提出來的。（錯） ，就是經(jīng)濟循環(huán)賬戶。（錯） 。 二、判斷題 1. 金融監(jiān)管是先于中央銀行制度而出現(xiàn)的。到 1992 年年底，銀行的資本對風(fēng)險加權(quán)資產(chǎn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比率目標(biāo)為 8%，其中核心資本至少為 4%。 第三，確定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比率的目標(biāo)。 第二， 確定風(fēng)險加權(quán)的計算。 《巴塞爾協(xié)議》的主要內(nèi)容 第一， 確定資本的組成。 巴塞爾協(xié)議 ： 《巴塞爾協(xié)議》的主要目的： 1987年 7月由巴塞爾銀行監(jiān)管委員會通過的《巴塞爾協(xié)議》（全稱是：《關(guān)于統(tǒng)一國際銀行的資 本計算和資本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的協(xié)議》），是國際銀行監(jiān)管方面的代表性文件。 銀行監(jiān)管國際化 ： 銀行業(yè)經(jīng)營活動的國際化，帶來了銀行監(jiān)管的國際化，母國的銀行監(jiān)管者與東道國的銀行監(jiān)管者需要共用信息和友好合作。因為這五個方面英文的第一個字母分別是 C、 A、 M、 E、 L而得名 銀行風(fēng)險 ： 銀行風(fēng)險就是銀行業(yè)的損失發(fā)生的不確定性 資本充足性管制 ： 中央銀行對商業(yè)銀行資本水平實行最低比率控制的監(jiān)管制度，用資本與總資產(chǎn)的比率、資本與負(fù)債的比率、資本與風(fēng)險資產(chǎn)的比率等來衡量。 作業(yè)四： 一、名詞解釋 駱駝評價體系 ： 美國銀行評級制度的俗稱。 （ 3）改進(jìn)貨幣政策工具及其操作運用，慎重選擇貨幣政策標(biāo)的，實現(xiàn) 金融宏觀調(diào)控方式從直接型向間接型的轉(zhuǎn)變。 如何提高我國貨幣政策傳導(dǎo)的有效性？ （ 1）正確評價貨幣政策的功能，實現(xiàn)貨幣政策與其他宏觀經(jīng)濟政策的協(xié)調(diào)配合。 .p148— 154 答：貨幣政策目標(biāo)包括：充分就業(yè)、物價穩(wěn)定、經(jīng)濟增長、國際收支平衡，這幾大目標(biāo)之間存在一定的一致性，但他們也存在許多不一致，同時實現(xiàn)幾個目標(biāo)是困難的。 再貼現(xiàn)政策的優(yōu)點有二：一是能通過影響商業(yè)銀行或其他金融機構(gòu)向央行借款的成本來達(dá)到調(diào)整信貸規(guī)模和貨幣 供應(yīng)量的目的，二是能產(chǎn)生一種 告示效應(yīng) ，再貼現(xiàn)政策的局限表現(xiàn)在中央銀行處于被動地位，往往不能取得預(yù)期的效果，另外，再貼現(xiàn)政策工具的靈活性比較小，缺乏彈性， 中國加入世界貿(mào)易組織后金融監(jiān)管遇到哪些問題？ p237239 答：中國的金融監(jiān)管規(guī)則與共同軌