【正文】 y frontier and indirect utility function. KLEMS project ? The productivity study was developed based on the KLEMS framework, ., sectoral data on capital (K), labor (L), energy (E), intermediate inputs (M), as well as gross output to e up with TFP (Total Factor Productivity). KLEMS project ? Jenson and Nishimizu (1978) presents a methodology for bilateral parisons of output, input, and productivity. These parisons require purchasing power parities for outputs and inputs. Purchasing power parities give relative prices at which goods and services produced in different countries can be traded, while exchange rates provide relative prices for trading currencies. KLEMS project ? Competitiveness is defined in terms of relative prices of goods and services in a mon currency, so that measures of petitiveness are obtained by dividing purchasing power parities by the corresponding exchange rates. KLEMS project ? KLEMS project has two features: ? The method have been based on the methods discussed above (index number approach)。s Economic Performance in an International Perspective, OECD publication, Paris. 購買力平價研究 ? World Bank used my 1995 estimation to extrapolate GDP of China in dollar, I have two reservations: ? a. my 1997 estimates is better than the 1995 estimates, revised downward by 8%。 購買力平價研究 ? 表 3 兩兩國家的勞動生產(chǎn)率比較 ， 1987 (分母國家 = 100) ? __________________________________________________________ ? 分子國家 ? 分母國家 中國 韓國 英國 德國 日本 ? _____________________________________________________________ ? 韓國 ? 英國 ? 德國 ? 日本 ? 美國 ? __________________________________________________________ ? 購買力平價研究 ? 表 3 中國與其它各國的購買力平價 , 1997 ? ________________________________________________ ? 日本 德國 韓國 英國 美國 ? (日元 / (馬克 / (韓元 / (英鎊 / (美元 / ? 人民幣 ) 人民幣 ) 人民幣 ) 人民幣 ) 人民幣 ) ? ________________________________________________ ? 中國 ? ________________________________________________ 購買力平價研究 ? 表 4 兩兩國家的勞動生產(chǎn)率比較 ， 1997 (分母國家 = 100) ? _________________________________________________________ ? 分子國家 ? 分母國家 中國 韓國 英國 德國 日本 ? _________________________________________________________ ? 韓國 ? 英國 ? 德國 ? 日本 ? 美國 ? _________________________________________________________ 購買力平價研究 ? Since 1995， two series of GDP are issued in World Bank World Development Indicators database： GDP based on exchange rate and GDP based on PPP . In 2021 World Development Indicators database， China is seventh largest economy converted by exchange rate while China is second largest economy converted by PPP. 購買力平價研究 ? Table 1: GDP of Top 8 Countries in 2021 in billion dollar ? GDP(based on PPP) GDP (based on exchange rate) ? 1 US 10871 1 US 10881 ? 2 China 6435 2 Japan 4326 ? 3 Japan 3582 3 Germany 2400 ? 4 India 3096 4 UK 1794 ? 5 Germany 2279 5 France 1747 ? 6 France 1632 6 Italy 1465 ? 7 UK 1606 7 China 1409 ? 8 Italy 1559 8 Spain 836 ? Sources： World Bank World Development Indicators database， 2021 購買力平價研究 ? We can find that in both lists the rank of most other countries are quite stable，however, the rank of China change tremendously. Also the GDP of China based on PPP is more than 4 times larger than the GDP of China based on exchange rate. Another case is India. 購買力平價研究 ? GDP based on exchange rate are estimated by Atlas Methodology shown as follows： 購買力平價研究 ? GDP for many countries based on PPP are from the estimates derived from ICP, the extrapolation by regression approach for nonparticipation countries of ICP and the extrapolation by the growth rate in local currency for nonbenchmark years. The figures for China are extrapolation of the bilateral parison between China and US for 1986 done by Ren Ruoen and Chen Kai published in 1995. 購買力平價研究 ? My PPPs studies were published in the following four papers, which is a 1986 benchmark study: 購買力平價研究 ? Ren, R. and Chen, K. (1993), An ExpenditureBased Bilateral Comparison of Gross Domestic Product between China and the United States, WEL working paper 9301, MIT, Cambridge. ? Ren, R. and Chen, K. (1994), An ExpenditureBased Bilateral Comparison of Gross Domestic Product between China and the United States, Review of Ine and Wealth, Series 40, No. 4, 377394. ? Ren, R. and Chen, K., (1995), China39。 這個研究可能是首次嘗試運用多邊比較的分析方法研究中國制造業(yè)的國際競爭力 。 中國的產(chǎn)出和生產(chǎn)率利用 Fisher指數(shù)與美國相比較 。 由于在韓國和日本 ， 這一期間的勞動生產(chǎn)率的增長都相當(dāng)快 ， 因此與這兩個國家相比 ， 中國的相對勞動生產(chǎn)率的差距甚至有所增加 。兩種方法得到的購買力平價的估計結(jié)果見下表： 購買力平價研究 中國數(shù)量權(quán)數(shù) 美國數(shù)量權(quán)數(shù) 幾何平均 購買力 平價 離差 指數(shù) 購買力平價 離差 指數(shù) 購買力平價 離差 指數(shù) 1985