土建專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯--建筑的組成部分-建筑結(jié)構(gòu)-文庫吧資料
2025-05-22 14:37本頁面
【正文】 e late 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floors. This construction is essentially a post and lintel type, and it is still used in frame construction for houses. Bearingwall construction limited the height of building because of the enormous wall thickness required； for instance, the 16story Monadnock Building built in the 1880’s in Chicago had walls 5 feet ( meters) thick at the lower floors. In 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (18321907) supported floors on castiron columns to form a cagelike construction. Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889. As a consequence of skeleton construction, the enclosing walls bee a “curtain wall” rather than serving a supporting function. Masonry was the curtain wall material until the 1930’s, when light metal and glass curtain walls were used. After the introduction of buildings continued to increase rapidly. All tall buildings were built with a skeleton of steel until World War Ⅱ . After the war, the shortage of steel and the improved quality of concrete led to tall building being built of reinforced concrete. Marina Tower (1962) in Chicago is the tallest concrete building in the United States； its height—588 feet (179 meters)—is exceeded by the 650foot (198meter) Post Office Tower in London and by other towers. 2 A change in attitude about skyscraper construction has brought a return to the use of the bearing wall. In New York City, the Columbia Broadcasting System Building, designed by Eero Saarinen in 1962,has a perimeter wall consisting of 5foot () wide concrete columns spaced 10 feet (3 meters) from column center to center. This perimeter wall, in effect, constitutes a bearing wall. One reason for this trend is that stiffness against the action of wind can be economically obtained by using the walls of the building as a tube； the World Trade Center building is another example of this tube approach. In contrast, rigid frames or vertical trusses are usually provided to give lateral stability. 3. Skin The skin of a building consists of both transparent elements (windows) and opaque elements (walls). Windows are traditionally glass, although plastics are being used, especially in schools where breakage creates a maintenance problem. The wall elements, which are used to cover the structure and are supported by it, are built of a variety of materials: brick, precast concrete, stone, opaque glass, plastics, steel, and aluminum. Wood is used mainly in house construction； it is not generally used for mercial, industrial, or public building because of the fire hazard. 4. Floors The construction of the floors in a building depends on the basic structural frame that is used. In steel skeleton construction, floors are either slabs of concrete resting on steel beams or a deck consisting of corrugated steel with a concrete topping. In concrete construction, the floors are either slabs of concrete on concrete beams or a series of closely spaced concrete beams (ribs) in two directions topped with a thin concrete slab, giving the appearance of a waffle on its underside. The kind of floor that is used depends on the span between supporting columns or walls and the function of the space. In an apartment building, for instance, where walls and columns are spaced at 12 to 18 feet ( to meters), the most popular construction is a so
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