外文翻譯--在全球價(jià)值鏈的地方產(chǎn)業(yè)集群：探索德國和巴基斯坦之間的動(dòng)態(tài)聯(lián)系-文庫吧資料
2025-05-22 07:35本頁面
【正文】 tion in each cluster, diverging trajectories and continuing ties. Keywords industrial clusters global value chains works innovation developing countries Introduction Since the 1990s, many studies have shown that petitiveness can be enhanced in geographically concentrated and sectorspecialized industrial clusters or districts (Brusco 1990, Krugman 1991, Schmitz 1995, Markusen 1996, Scott 1996, Porter 1998, Gordon and McCann 2020). The allure of the cluster approach lies in its promise for smallscale industry and the importance it attaches to local linkages. It shows that, with economies of agglomeration and local joint action, small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) can pete alongside large firms and in global markets. Clusterspecific external economies include the presence of skilled labor, specialist suppliers, and knowledge spillovers. Economies of scale and scope emerge when firms concentrate on particular processes and produce plex goods by interacting with each other. High levels of organizational flexibility within small firms lead to further cost advantages. Finally, local joint action, between firms and through local institutions can enhance the capacity of small firms and raise a cluster’s petitiveness. Observing that local clusters have global connections is not new. Amin and Thrift (1992) have long argued that clusters are ‘nodes’ within global works. However, studies on intercluster ties are rare (exceptions include Scott 1994, Rabellotti 1997, Meyer Stamer et al. 2020). Moreover, understanding the role of such external links on processes of local upgrading within clusters is especially weak. We focus on these gaps. The global surgical instruments industry provides us with an exemplary case study in that two quite distinct but closely related clusters, one in Sialkot, Pakistan and the other in Tuttlingen, Germany play a major role in the industry. In terms of innovation and quality the two clusters mark the lower and higher ends of the global industry, but, in terms of production, they are closely linked. Using primary and secondary evidence from both clusters we study how the two clusters work as specific, but interconnected, In order to obtain a dynamic perspective on these nodes, we distinguish between the analysis of production systems, which enpass the production of goods to desired specifications, and that of knowledge systems, that generate and manage changes in the production process or the organization of production (Bell and Albu 1999). This distinction between knowledge flows and production flows provides an important organizing principle to the paper and is central in explaining the nature of linkages between the two clusters and their dynamic responses to the mon global challenges that they currently face. These challenges include meeting higher global quality standards, facing greater lowcost petition, and reacting to new developments in health care delivery and medical technology. We study the responses of the two clusters to these challenges, and the implications for the relationships between them as well as for their growth dynamics. The next section considers the importance of external knowledge flows, especially through global value chains, to cluster upgrading. Section 3 provides an overview of the global surgical instruments sector, outlining the two clusters and their main connections. Section 4 reports on upgrading responses in each cluster in the face of mon challenges. Section 5 focuses on the material and knowledge flows across the two clusters that influence such upgrading. The paper concludes by considering the future trajectories for Tuttlingen and Sialkot. Clusters, value chains and upgrading Much of the re
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