【正文】 ly a configuration that has a long lineageduring the seventeenth century housing was often arranged in block with service access in the middle of the block acmodating,for example,stables and configuration evolved to a form of back alley access in the nieenth century,whilst today former coach houses are sometimes converted to mews court housing. Apartment in periphery blocks with private gardens and shared open space:alternatively,ground level apartments in periphery blocks can have private gardens to their rear,and then residents who live on other floors have access to a munal space(figure ) All of the above examples demonstrate variation in how private space is considered in a periphery block,but they also allow physical definition of the public realm,as the fronts of these homes face and give a physical form to the street environment. FREE STANDING BLOCKS Since the early twentieth century,apartment in particular have been developed in free standing or point blocks(figure ).the rationale for this is provided by architects from the time who wished to : Provide a form of residential environment that provided air and light to homes Free people from what were regarded as the constraints of the nieenth century Provide new,and unconstrained open spaces around the homes Acmodate the newly popular car(something that the older streets struggled to do) Use new building techniques,technologies and materials Provide more munal ways of living. Today this rationnale still remains revevant in certain contexts。for example,gardening,storing rubbish,sunbathing,playing or fixing the bike. A residential area is made up of these types of space,and differently designed urban forms will result in different patterns and relationships emerging between these types of spaces tend to form a work which provides a pattern of access for residents(figure ) sometimes semipublic spaces may be introduced ,typically as open spaces or play area,into the pattern of public areas tend to be located between the public spaces and people homes so that a zone of control is introduced between a public street and a private ,semiprivate spaces can also form shared private gardens,and these may be included in a scheme between private gardens,and these may be included in a scheme between private ,private gardens,where they exist,tend to be accessible from the home but,as a matter of principle,they should not abut a public this is will be discussed below. INTERFACES The boundaries between the different types of space are sometimes referred to as interfaces(figure ).for example,the front wall between a front garden and a public space of the street can be referred to as the interface between semiprivate and public space,just as the front wall of thehouse can be described as the interface between the private interior of the home and the semiprivate front interfaces are important as they can be designed in a particular way to achieve a particular urban design schemes that have semiprivate front gardens but no wall at the interface with the public street space may,for example,result in quite a different street character to a situation where high front walls or even hedges have been introduced. FRONTS AND BACKS A mon concept in residential urban design is that homes have both a front and a back interface。but also by how you travel between regions,therefor,you may have a sense that you are leaving and entering different places,and the characteristics of urban areas will make a contribution to that feeling. However,within urban areas there are also distinctive places which result from how building,and other elements,have been bined together to create the urban places might be informed by the distinctive attributes of a region (a very simple example:all the buildings may contain a similar building material,or a distinctive type or form of building),but within the urban area the spaces created between these buildings should have a variety of both forms and you travelled through an urban area,therefor,you would experience the feeling that you are travelling between one place and the next. Urban environments that do not have this character are called placeless,and often the only way to fully appreciate the contribution that place makes to our lives is to spend time in placeless (1976,)defines placelessness as ? a weakening of the identity of places to the point where they not only look alike but feel alike and offer the same bland possibilities of experience. Placeslessness in residential environments results form: Road environments that have no direct relationship with the uses and activities along them Uniformity and standardisation within the built environment(figure ) The adoption of synthetic,nostalgic or inauthentic themes in the design of either buildings or urban spaces,which ultimately bee mon between different schemes. In his thinking about how to overe the blandness of urban development,gordon cullen(1961) argues simply for a recognition of both hereness and thereness in urban suggests that people should have a feeling of entering or leaving a variety of places as they pass through the urban you enter a distinctive,individually designed street or square,he argues,you will have a sense of hereness and ,by definition,the other distinctive streeta and squares will have an equally considered design(figure ). CREATE URBAN FORM Places result from the way that individual buildings are brou