【正文】 n of a place is something that has plex social connotationswhat one person may regard as a place or places may not match that of anotherbut with reference to design it can refer to a sense of individuality or difference within the environment which forms,urban spaces and human activity. It is possible to be aware of ,and therefore concerned about,places at a whole range of are environmentally,as well as socially or culturally, is influenced not only by enviromenttal factors such as topography,flora and fauna or climate。某些地區(qū)實(shí)地變化是進(jìn)一步討論以下各方面 .重要的是要完善預(yù)測(cè)值相對(duì)于有多少需求。 然而，在市區(qū)也有一些從如何建設(shè)和其他元素，已被合并，共同創(chuàng)造了城市環(huán)境。 公共空間 ：城市空間，是很容易在任何一天或夜間街頭訪問的時(shí)間向公眾公開空間涉及的是一個(gè)公共空間，人們可以實(shí)際進(jìn)入或走出。這是為什么即將在下文討論。 提供預(yù)警 監(jiān)測(cè)是指在一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，觀察觀察街道。同時(shí)，他們也開始考慮布局的特點(diǎn)和空間感是否會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)。因?yàn)檫@是由當(dāng)時(shí)的建筑師誰愿意提供的理由： ? 提供的住宅環(huán)境，提供空氣和光的形式家園 ? 自由人從什么作為 19世紀(jì)的限制視為 ? 圍繞家庭提供新的，不受約束的開放空間 ? 適應(yīng)新的停車場(chǎng)（一些舊街道努力去做） ? 使用新的建筑技術(shù)，技術(shù)和材料 ? 提供更多的公共生活的方式。這實(shí)際上是一個(gè)配置，有著悠久的傳承，在 17 世紀(jì)的房屋，往往與服務(wù)在包容塊，例如，中訪問塊排列，馬廄和馬車。 需求少的隱私 并非所有的住宅面積達(dá)到，特別是在戶外私人空間。而其他地區(qū)的公共環(huán)境將會(huì)更忙，很少有商店或社區(qū)可能使用補(bǔ)充忙缺憾和居民。 一個(gè)住宅區(qū)內(nèi)，是由這些類型的空間，并以不同的形式設(shè)計(jì)的城市會(huì)導(dǎo)致不同的模式和空間之間的關(guān)系的空間 .公共空間的這些類型往往形成一個(gè)新興的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，為居民提供的訪問模式有時(shí)半公共空間，可引進(jìn)，通常為開放空間或游樂區(qū)納入公共空間。圖片 是一個(gè)數(shù)字地面圖顯示的城市形態(tài)格局，成果形式，結(jié)果在這個(gè)過程之間的固體（建筑物區(qū)分）和空隙（戶外空間）最清楚。地區(qū)的地方環(huán)境，以及社會(huì)或文化，差異?？捎糜诖_定該土地上 的價(jià)值該計(jì)劃將興建家園。but also by how you travel between regions,therefor,you may have a sense that you are leaving and entering different places,and the characteristics of urban areas will make a contribution to that feeling. However,within urban areas there are also distinctive places which result from how building,and other elements,have been bined together to create the urban places might be informed by the distinctive attributes of a region (a very simple example:all the buildings may contain a similar building material,or a distinctive type or form of building),but within the urban area the spaces created between these buildings should have a variety of both forms and you travelled through an urban area,therefor,you would experience the feeling that you are travelling between one place and the next. Urban environments that do not have this character are called placeless,and often the only way to fully appreciate the contribution that place makes to our lives is to spend time in placeless (1976,)defines placelessness as ? a weakening of the identity of places to the point where they not only look alike but feel alike and offer the same bland possibilities of experience. Placeslessness in residential environments results form: Road environments that have no direct relationship with the uses and activities along them Uniformity and standardisation within the built environment(figure ) The adoption of synthetic,nostalgic or inauthentic themes in the design of either buildings or urban spaces,which ultimately bee mon between different schemes. In his thinking about how to overe the blandness of urban development,gordon cullen(1961) argues simply for a recognition of both hereness and thereness in urban suggests that people should have a feeling of entering or leaving a variety of places as they pass through the urban you enter a distinctive,individually designed street or square,he argues,you will have a sense of hereness and ,by definition,the other distinctive streeta and squares will have an equally considered design(figure ). CREATE URBAN FORM Places result from the way that individual buildings are brought together to create urban and squares are types of urban form resulting from how individual buildings are brought together in the design,and just as we might carefully design an individual building,the form of a street or square,or the pattern of streets and squares that go together to make an entire scheme,should not be left to design could almost be defined,therefore ,as the act of designing urban form。將在計(jì)劃的性質(zhì)判斷相對(duì)其他地方。這些地方結(jié)果導(dǎo)致了獨(dú)特的地方可能是由一個(gè)地區(qū)的（一個(gè)很簡(jiǎn)單的例子：獨(dú)特的屬性，通知所有建筑物可能包含類似的建筑材料，或獨(dú)特的建筑形式或類型），但在市區(qū)的空間創(chuàng)造這些建筑物之間應(yīng)該有兩個(gè)不同形式和功能。那是管理類型或程度明顯控制你能做些什么街道空間內(nèi)是由法律和文化，而在物理設(shè)計(jì)的形狀很清楚，如果它更傾向于使用，例如，參加體育活動(dòng)，散步，跑步，騎自行車或開車。 界面 空間之間的不同類型的界限有時(shí)稱為界面。這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)在一個(gè)住宅區(qū)內(nèi)的公共空間的一些活動(dòng)是 人類活動(dòng)的程度作為一個(gè)積極的特點(diǎn)認(rèn)為在大部分住宅設(shè)置。 房屋布局的歷史涵蓋了住宅塊結(jié)構(gòu)種類繁多，其持久的成功表明，人們可以愉快地生活在一個(gè)住宅設(shè)置，只要家中有良好的構(gòu)造面廣泛，社會(huì)穩(wěn)定，住房環(huán)境良好的管理。 今天，這仍然成為理由的事例 。有時(shí)候是有可能的非居民進(jìn)入庭院只可以向本地居民 房屋與私人花園周邊樓宇和共享開放的空間：邊緣塊可能也有一個(gè)玩?；蛲＼嚨墓部臻g的私人花園住宅，然后又被引入。廣場(chǎng)、步行街、扶梯、連廊與豐富的業(yè)態(tài)，多元化的生活元素組合，形成完美內(nèi)向型的城市街區(qū)。在一個(gè)住 宅區(qū)，這可能是由鄰居，兒童有機(jī)會(huì)一定會(huì)安靜的地方為主演奏或行人和車輛通過。私人住宅等場(chǎng)所允許完全控制和更高的程度雙方的安全和隱私，讓他們可以使用他們所希望的空間，例如，園藝，儲(chǔ)存垃圾，曬太陽，玩?；蛐蘩碜孕熊?。在最一般的水平的城市設(shè)計(jì)師是幫助來決定建筑物的實(shí)心墻將去，這樣做會(huì)怎樣選擇外面會(huì)有什么內(nèi)部環(huán)境。 這是可能的了解，因此關(guān)注，在一個(gè)大規(guī)模范圍內(nèi)。 完成發(fā)展評(píng)價(jià) 基本方程式 在計(jì)算成本的住宅發(fā)展計(jì)劃重要的是要設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)方案，比預(yù)測(cè)的回報(bào)和收益之間的差異更大的成本消耗 .消費(fèi)和回報(bào)之間的差價(jià)就是盈余。and the process of designing distinctive urban forms should result in physically distinctive places emerging within a scheme. DEFINE SPACE In creating urban form the urban designer is helping to decide how the space of the urban environment will be the most general levelthe urban designer is helping to decide where the solid walls of buildings will go,and in so doing choosing what will be outside and what will be the inside is a figure ground plan showing the pattern of urban form that results form that results from this process where the distinction between the solids(buildings)and voids(outdoor spaces)is most ground drawings are an easy way of illustrating the pattern of urban form that is being suggested within an area. TYPES OF URBAN SPACE Urban space is not merely distinguishable as either outdoor or ,from an urban design perspective,it is better to distingguish between four t