【正文】 ement and ability to save for longterm goals such as buying a home, seeking higher education, or financial retirement. Ineffective money management can also result in behaviours that make consumers vulnerable to severe financial crises”. Our reference model for personal financial planning consists of two parts 1. Analysis model which can help financial planners to do personal financial planning. 2. System architecture which can help system developers to develop logical models at the design stage of system development. The analysis model of our reference model for personal financial planning consists of the following parts: Use Cases build the dynamic view of the system. Class diagrams build the structural view of the system. Both are bined in the behavioural view of the system with activity diagrams and sequence diagrams. Determining the client’s financial status 1. Data gathering. The Financial Planner asks the client for information about the client’s financial situation. This includes information about assets, liabilities, ine and expenses. 2. Data evaluation. The Financial Planner uses two financial statements: balance sheet and ine statement. 3. Data analysis. The Financial Planner analyses the results from balance sheet and ine statement. He can investigate for example the state of the provisions and pension plan, risk management, tax charges, return on investments and other financial ratios. In the following, the scenario is described in more detail. The first category of assets is cash which refers to money in accounts such as checking accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts, money market mutual funds, and certificates of deposit with a maturity of less than one year. The second category of assets are fixed assets, fixedprincipal assets, fixedreturn assets, or debt instruments. This category includes investments that represent a loan made by the client to someone else. Fixedreturn assets are primarily corporate and government bonds, but may also be mortgages held, mutual funds that invest primarily in bonds, fixed annuities, and any other monies owed to the client. The third category of assets are equity investments. Examples of equity investments are mon stock, mutual funds that hold mostly mon stock, variable annuities, and partnerships. The fourth category of assets is the value of pensions and other retirement accounts. The last category of assets is usually personal or tangible assets, also known as real assets. This category includes assets bought primarily for forts, like home, car, furniture, clothing, jewellery, and any other personal articles with a resale value. Data analysis The worth number is significant in and of itself, since the larger the worth, the better off a person is financially, but balance sheet and ine statement contain even more useful information a financial planner should consider. The traditional approach for analyzing financial statements is using of financial ratios. Financial ratios bine numbers from the financial statements to measure a specific aspect of the personal financial situation of a client. Financial ratios are used 1. to measure changes in the quality of the financial situation over time, 2. to measure the absolute quality of the current financial situation, 3. as guidelines for how to improve the financial situation. We will group the ratios into the following eight categories: liquidity, solvency, savings, asset allocation, inflation protection, tax burden, housing expenses, and insolvency/credit Conclusion and Future Trends We have presented a reference model for personal financial planning consisting of an analysis model and a corresponding system architecture. An intrinsic