外文資料翻譯--全球工業(yè)的商品產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈分析-其他專業(yè)-文庫吧資料
2025-01-27 10:25本頁面
【正文】 e global modity chain framework: 1) incorporates an explicit international dimension into the analysis。s oil, mineral, and agricultural resources since the nieenth century, were invited to establish more advanced manufacturing industries in the region, beginning with automobile assembly plants in large countries like Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina in the 1920s. By the 1950s and 1960s, a range of advanced ISI factories were spread throughout the region in diverse industries such as petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, automobiles, electrical and nonelectrical machinery, and puters (Gereffi and Wyman, 1990). Output was mainly destined for the domestic market, although in the 1970s more attention was given to manufactured exports to offset the costly import bills associated with ISI deepening. Buyerdriven modity chains, by contrast, have been virtually ignored in Latin America since the transnational firms that established ISI were primarily interested in Latin America39。 Footwear。 Computers。Intermediate Goods 。 Production Design。s production system, for example, contained 170 firsttier, 4,700 secondtier, and 31,600 thirdtier subcontractors (Hill 1989: 466). Florida and Kenney (1991) found that Japanese automobile manufacturers actually reconstituted many aspects of their homecountry supplier works in North America. Doner (1991) extended this framework to highlight the plex forces that drive Japanese automakers to create regional production schemes for the supply of auto parts in a halfdozen nations in East and Southeast Asia. Henderson (1989) and Borrus (1997) also support the notion that producerdriven modity chains have established an East Asian division of labor in their studies of the internationalization of the . and Japanese semiconductor industries. Buyerdriven modity chains refer to those industries in which large retailers, marketers, and branded manufacturers play the pivotal roles in setting up decentralized production works in a variety of exporting countries, typically located in the third world. This pattern of tradeled industrialization has bee mon in laborintensive, consumer goods industries such as garments, footwear, toys, housewares, consumer electronics, and a variety of handicrafts. Production is generally carried out by tiered works of third world contractors that make finished goods for foreign buyers. The specifications are supplied by the large retailers or marketers that order the goods. Features One of the main characteristics of the firms that fit the buyerdriven model, including retailers like WalMart, Sears Roebuck, and . Penney, athletic footwear panies like Nike and Reebok, and fashionoriented apparel panies like Liz Claiborne and The Limited, is that these panies design and/or market— but do not make— the branded products they order. They are part of a new breed of manufacturers without factoriesthat separate the physical production of goods from the design and marketing stages of the production process. Profits in buyerdriven chains derive not from scale, volume, and technological advances as in producerdriven chains, but rather from unique binations of highvalue research, design, sales, marketing, and financial services that allow
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