【正文】
tion are present, the very basis for classical techniques is removed. Some successful techniques such as phaseplane, describing function, and ad hoc methods, have been developed to alleviate this shorting . With an advancing technological society, there is a trend towards more ambitious goals. This also means dealing with plex system with a larger number of interesting ponents. The need for greater accuracy and efficiency has changed the emphasis on control system performance. The classical specifications in terms of percent overshoot, settling time, bandwidth, etc., have in many cases given way to optimal criteria such as minimum energy, minimum cost, and minimum time operation. Optimization of these criteria makes it even more difficult to avoid dealing with unpleasant nonlinearities. Optimal control theory often dictates that nonlinear time varying control law be used, even if the basic system is linear and timeinvariant The concept of state occupies a central position in modern control theory. However, it appear in many other technical and nontechnical context as well. In thermodynamics the equations of state are prominently used. Binary sequential works are normall