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外文翻譯--無線局域網(wǎng)技術(shù)-其他專業(yè)-文庫(kù)吧資料

2025-01-27 10:12本頁(yè)面
  

【正文】 nctionPCF is an alternative access method implemented on top of the DCF. The operation consists of polling with the centralized polling master (point coordinator). The point coordinator makes use of PIFS when issuing polls. Because PIFS is smaller than DIFS, the point coordinator can seize the medium and lock out all asynchronous traffic while it issues polls and receives responses.As an extreme, consider the following possible scenario. A wireless network is configured so that a number of stations with timesensitive traffic are controlled by the point coordinator while remaining traffic, using CSMA, contends for access.The point coordinator could issue polls in a roundrobin fashion to all stations configured for polling. When a poll is issued, the polled station may respond using SIFS. If the point coordinator receives a response, it issues another poll using PIFS. If no response is received during the expected turnaround time, the coordinator issues a poll. If the discipline of the preceding paragraph were implemented, the point coordinator would lock out all asynchronous traffic by repeatedly issuing polls. To prevent this situation, an interval known as the superframe is defined. During the first part of this interval, the point coordinator issues polls in a roundrobin fashion to all stations configured for polling. The point coordinator then idles for the remainder of the superframe, allowing a contention period for asynchronous access.At the beginning of a superframe, the point coordinator may optionally seize control and issue polls fora give period of time. This interval varies because of the variable frame size issued by responding stations. The remainder of the superframe is available for contentionbased access. At the end of the superframe interval, the point coordinator contends for access to the medium using PIFS. If the medium is idle, the point coordinator gains immediate access, and a full superframe period follows. However, the medium may be busy at the end of a superframe. In this case, the point coordinator must wait until the medium is idle to gain access。 and centralized access protocols, which involve regulation of transmission by a centralized decision maker. A distributed access protocol makes sense of an ad hoc network of peer workstations and may also be attractive in other wireless LAN configurations that consist primarily of bursty traffic. A centralized access protocol is natural for configurations in which a number of wireless stations are interconnected with each other and with some sort of base station that attaches to a backbone wired LAN。 historical buildings with insufficient twisted pair and in which drilling holes for new wiring is prohibited。WIRELESS LANIn just the past few years, wireless LANs have e to occupy a significant niche in the local area network market. Increasingly, organizations are finding that wireless LANs are an indispensable adjunct to traditional wired LANs, as they satisfy requirements for mobility, relocation, ad hoc networking, and coverage of locationsdifficult to wire. As the name suggests, a wireless LAN is one that makes use of a wireless transmission medium. Until relatively recently, wireless LANs were little used。 3 結(jié)論 每一種無線通信方式都有其獨(dú)特之處,超寬帶技術(shù)傳輸速率高,WiFi 技術(shù)覆蓋范圍廣。用戶只要將支持無線 LAN的筆記本電腦或PDA拿到該區(qū)域內(nèi),即可高速接入因特網(wǎng); 4)健康安全 100 毫瓦,實(shí)際發(fā)射功率約 60~70毫瓦,而手機(jī)的發(fā)射功率約 200毫瓦~1瓦間,手持式對(duì)講機(jī)高達(dá)5瓦。無論是無線城市的建設(shè),還是企事業(yè)單位局域網(wǎng)的開通,還是手機(jī)的 WiFi 功能,都與WiFi 技術(shù)自身的優(yōu)勢(shì)是分不開的: 1)較廣的局域網(wǎng)覆蓋范圍 基于藍(lán)牙技術(shù)的電波覆蓋范圍非常小,半徑大約只有 15m,而 WiFi 的半徑則可達(dá)100 m,可以覆蓋整棟辦公大樓; 2)傳輸速度快 WiFi 技術(shù)傳輸速度非??欤梢赃_(dá)到 11Mbps()或者 54Mbps (),適合高速數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)臉I(yè)務(wù); 3)無需布線 WiFi 最主要的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于不需要布線,可以不受布線條件的限制,因此非常適合移動(dòng)辦公用戶的需要?;跓狳c(diǎn)的接入服務(wù)曾經(jīng)一度被看成是對(duì)3G的巨大沖擊, 但WiFi技術(shù)傳輸距離短和信號(hào)穿透能力差的特點(diǎn)同樣也是不可克服的。 WiFi 可以提供熱點(diǎn)覆蓋、低移動(dòng)性和高數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率, 無線接入和高速傳輸是WiFi 技術(shù)的主要特點(diǎn)。然而,其保密的效能卻倍受質(zhì)疑,支援新一代加密方式的 WiFi 產(chǎn)品亦相繼出現(xiàn)。 由于 WiFi 使用電波作為傳送媒介, 資料包被截取的可能性高, 這成為用戶所擔(dān)心問題。理論上只要用戶位于一個(gè)接入點(diǎn)四周的一定區(qū)域內(nèi),就能以最高約 11Mb/s 的速度接入Web。 WiFi 是以太網(wǎng)的一種無線擴(kuò)展,WiFi 網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以使用來互連電腦鏈接上互連網(wǎng)。有用信息完全淹沒在噪聲中,被截獲概率很小,被檢測(cè)的概率也很低,用傳統(tǒng)的接收機(jī)無法接收。同時(shí)由于 UWB系統(tǒng)信號(hào)的擴(kuò)頻處理增益比較大,即使采用低增益的全向天線發(fā)射,也可使用小于 1mW 的發(fā)射功率實(shí)現(xiàn)幾千米的通信。 4)頻譜利用率高,系統(tǒng)容量大 因?yàn)椴恍枰a(chǎn)生正弦載波信號(hào),可以直接發(fā)射沖激序列,因而 UWB系統(tǒng)具有很寬的頻譜和很低的平均功率,有利于與其他系統(tǒng)共存,從而提高頻譜利用率,帶來了極大的系統(tǒng)容量。 3)帶寬極寬 UWB 使用的帶寬在 1GHz 以上,高達(dá)幾吉赫茲,并且可以和目前的窄帶通信系統(tǒng)同時(shí)工作而互不干擾。 2)傳輸速率高 UWB 以非常寬的頻率帶寬來?yè)Q取高速的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸,并且不單獨(dú)占用現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)擁擠不堪的頻率資源,而是共享其他無線技術(shù)使用的頻帶。接收時(shí)將信號(hào)能量還原出來,在解擴(kuò)過程中產(chǎn)生擴(kuò)頻增益。它能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)無線局域網(wǎng)LAN 和個(gè)人區(qū)域網(wǎng)PAN 中無線接口的互聯(lián)和接入。 超寬帶性能特點(diǎn)。目前超寬帶(UWB)技術(shù)正被整合進(jìn)家庭影院和便攜式產(chǎn)品,主要用于視頻和音頻信號(hào)的無線發(fā)送。 超寬帶(UWB)技術(shù)最初是面向雷達(dá)應(yīng)用來開發(fā)的,一般認(rèn)為它屬于一種無載波通信技術(shù)。在短距離(13m 以下)有很大優(yōu)勢(shì),最高傳輸速度可達(dá) 1Gb/S。通信速度在250Kbit~10Mbit/秒之間。UWB是指信號(hào)帶寬大于 500MHz或者是信號(hào)帶寬與中心頻率之比大于25% 的通信技術(shù)。其中,超寬帶(Ultra Wide Band,UWB)技術(shù)是在 20世紀(jì)90 年代以后發(fā)展起來的一種具有巨大發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ男滦蜔o線通信技術(shù),被列為未來通信的十大技術(shù)之一 。超寬帶技術(shù)與其它短距離無線通信技術(shù)的比較隨著個(gè)人通信消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展,短距離無線通信領(lǐng)域的各種新技術(shù)、新方法層出不窮,朝著更快、更方便、更安全有效等方面進(jìn)行發(fā)展。在這種情況下,點(diǎn)協(xié)調(diào)器必須等待直到媒體空閑并獲得接入。如果媒體是空閑的,點(diǎn)協(xié)調(diào)器可以立刻接入,然后又是一個(gè)全超幀期。超幀剩余的時(shí)間用于基于爭(zhēng)用的接入。在超幀開始時(shí),點(diǎn)協(xié)調(diào)器可以在給定時(shí)間內(nèi)獲得控制權(quán)和發(fā)布輪詢,這由選項(xiàng)決定。在超幀時(shí)間的開始部分,點(diǎn)協(xié)調(diào)器以循環(huán)方式向所有配置成輪詢的站點(diǎn)發(fā)布輪詢。點(diǎn)協(xié)調(diào)器不斷地發(fā)布輪詢,并永遠(yuǎn)封鎖所有異步通信量。點(diǎn)協(xié)調(diào)在發(fā)布輪詢時(shí)采用PIFS。點(diǎn)協(xié)調(diào)功能PCF是在DCF之上實(shí)現(xiàn)的另一種接入方式。如果媒體在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)都是空閑的,則站點(diǎn)采用二進(jìn)制指數(shù)退避策略等待一段時(shí)間后再監(jiān)聽媒體,如果媒體依然是空閑的,則可以傳輸。3。2。有幀要傳輸?shù)恼军c(diǎn)先監(jiān)聽媒體。我們首先考慮一個(gè)稱為幀間間隔(InterFrame Space,IFS)時(shí)延。媒體上信號(hào)變動(dòng)范圍很大,所以如果正在傳輸?shù)恼军c(diǎn)接收到微弱信號(hào),它無法區(qū)分這是噪聲還是因?yàn)樽约旱膫鬏敹鴰淼挠绊?。否則,該站點(diǎn)必須等待直到當(dāng)前的發(fā)送結(jié)束。如果站點(diǎn)有一個(gè)MAC幀要發(fā)送,則先監(jiān)聽媒體。點(diǎn)協(xié)調(diào)功能(Point Coordination Function, PCF)是一個(gè)集中式MAC算法,用于提供無爭(zhēng)用服務(wù)。MAC層的低端子層是分布式協(xié)調(diào)功能(Distributed Coordination Function , DCF).DCF采用爭(zhēng)用算法向所有通信量提供接入。當(dāng)某些數(shù)據(jù)是時(shí)間敏感的或者是高優(yōu)先級(jí)的時(shí),這種方法特別有用。分布式接入?yún)f(xié)議對(duì)于對(duì)等工作站形式的自組網(wǎng)絡(luò)是有意義的,同時(shí)也可能對(duì)主要是突發(fā)性通信量的其他一些無線局域網(wǎng)頗具吸引力。分布式接入?yún)f(xié)議類似于以太網(wǎng),采用載波監(jiān)聽機(jī)制把傳輸?shù)臎Q定權(quán)分布到所有節(jié)點(diǎn)。只有從某種意義上看該站點(diǎn)是能夠移動(dòng)的,才能支持這種類型的轉(zhuǎn)移。在這種情況下,該站點(diǎn)的數(shù)據(jù)交付需要尋址功能,能識(shí)別出該站點(diǎn)的新位置。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)基于移動(dòng)性定義了三種轉(zhuǎn)移類型:無轉(zhuǎn)移:這種類型的站點(diǎn)或者是固定的,或者只在一個(gè)BSS的直接通信范圍內(nèi)移動(dòng)。分發(fā)服務(wù)的正常運(yùn)行需要該ESS內(nèi)所有站點(diǎn)的信息,而這個(gè)信息是由與關(guān)聯(lián)(association)相關(guān)的服務(wù)提供的。BBS通常與文獻(xiàn)中的蜂窩相對(duì)應(yīng),而DS則有可能是交換機(jī)或有線網(wǎng)絡(luò),也可以是無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)。接入點(diǎn)的功能相當(dāng)于網(wǎng)橋。無線局域網(wǎng)中最小的模塊是基本服務(wù)集(Basic Service Set, BSS),它由一些執(zhí)行相同MAC協(xié)議并爭(zhēng)用同一共享媒體完成接入的站點(diǎn)組成。自從FCC開放了這個(gè)波段以來,在擴(kuò)頻無線局域網(wǎng)中的應(yīng)用就越來越普遍。每個(gè)國(guó)家的許可證發(fā)放制度都不一樣,這就使事情變得更加復(fù)雜。其中有些產(chǎn)品運(yùn)行的頻率需要FCC的許可證,而其他一些產(chǎn)品則使用了不需要許可的波段。在大多數(shù)情況下,這些局域網(wǎng)運(yùn)行在ISM(個(gè)人、科學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué))波段內(nèi),因此,在美國(guó)使用這些局域網(wǎng)不需要聯(lián)邦通信委員會(huì)(FCC)發(fā)放的許可證。目前所有無線局域網(wǎng)產(chǎn)品都可歸為以下三個(gè)大類之一:紅外線(IR)局域網(wǎng):紅外線局域網(wǎng)
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