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水處理外文翻譯-其他專(zhuān)業(yè)-文庫(kù)吧資料

2025-01-27 04:09本頁(yè)面
  

【正文】 c reaction where a metal ion gains electrons to bee metal. Some established produced water treatment technologies have reported the removal of heavy metals, but so far, there is no established technology for recovery of metals from produced water and electrodeposition may be used for this purpose. In a recent experiment, we demonstrated that electrodeposition can be used for Cu recovery from produced water. Figure 12 shows the SEM/EDX image of Cu deposits recovered from synthetic produced water in an experiment carried out in our laboratory. 4 CONCLUSION Raw produced water is monly regarded as a highvolume toxic waste but can be beneficial to humans if properly managed. The treatment of produced water is very important due to legislation and environmental concerns. In the future, demand for the treatment of produced water as a source of fresh water is very likely with the world population now above 7 billion and the demand for freshwater on the increase. In this article, we have reviewed major produced water treatment technologies and their application in future management. Current thermal produced water treatment technologies are mature but may not be relevant in future management unless significant reductions are mad。m. It is applicable for treating water containing TDS in the range of 500–25 000 ppm. This technology is similar to RO. NF membranes were employed for produced water treatment on both bench and pilot scales. Mondal and Wickramasinghe studied the effectiveness of NF membranes for the treatment of oilfield produced water. Results showed a minimal improvement when pared with the effectiveness of brackish water RO treatment of the same feed water. Thermal technologies Thermal treatment technologies of water are employed in regions where the cost of energy is relatively cheap. Thermal separation process was the technology of choice for water desalination before the development of membrane technology. Multistage flash (MSF) distillation, vapour pression distillation (VCD) and multieffect distillation (MED) are the major thermal desalination technologies . Hybrid thermal desalination plants, such as MED–VCD, have been used to achieve higher efficiency . Although membrane technologies are typically preferred to thermal technologies, recent innovations in thermal process engineering make thermal process more attractive and petitive in treating highly contaminated water. Multistage flash MSF distillation process is a mature and robust technology for brackish and sea water desalination. Its operation is based on evaporation of water by reducing the pressure instead of raising the temperature. Feed water is preheated and flows into a chamber with lower pressure where it immediately flashes into steam. Water recovery from MSF treatment is ~20% and often requires posttreatment because it typically contains 2–10 mg/l of TDS. A major setback in operating MSF is scale formation on heat transfer surfaces which often makes this process require the use of scale inhibitors and acids. Overall costs vary depending on the size, site location and materials of construction . Its energy requirement is between and kWh. Globally, MSF market share has significantly decreased due to petition of membrane technologies, but it is a relatively costeffective treatment method with plant life expectancy of more than 20 years, and can be employed for produced water treatment . Multieffect distillation MED process involves application of sufficient energy that converts saline water to steam, which is condensed and recovered as pure water. Multiple effects are employed in order to improve the efficiency and minimize energy consumption . A major advantage of this system is the energy efficiency gained through the bination of several evaporator systems. Product water recovery from MED systems are in the range of 20–67% depending on the type of the evaporator design employed . Despite the high water recovery from MED systems, it has not been extensively used for water production like MSF because of scaling problem associated with old designs. Recently, falling film evaporators have been introduced to improve heat transfer rates and reduce the rate of scale formation . MED has a life cycle of 20 years and can be applied to a wide range of feed water quality like MSF. It is good for high TDS produced water treatment . Scale inhibitors and acids may be required to prevent scaling and pH control is essential to prevent corrosion. Power energy consumption is in the range of – kWh, operating cost is $ total unit cost is $. Vapour pression distillation VCD process is an established desalination technology for treating seawater and RO concentrate [. Vapour generated in the evaporation chamber is pressed thermally or mechanically, which raises the temperature and pressure of the vapour. The heat of condensation is returned to the evaporator and utilized as a heat source . VCD is a reliable and efficient desalination process and can operate at temperatures below 70176。m. They are employed in the removal of colour, odour, viruses and colloidal anic matter . UF is the most effective method for oil removal from produced water in parison with traditional separation methods , and it is more efficient than MF for the removal of hydrocarbons, suspended solids and dissolved constituents from oilfield produced water . Both MF and UF operate at low transmembrane pressure (1–30 psi) and can serve as a pretreatment to desalination but cannot remove salt from water . Polymeric/ceramic membranesPolymeric and ceramic membranes are used for UF/MF treatment of water. Polymeric MF/UF membranes are made from polyacrylonitrile and polyvinylidene and ceramic membranes from clays of nitrides, carbides and oxides of metals . Ceramic UF/MF membranes have been used in a
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