法學(xué)專業(yè)外文翻譯--紐約犯罪率減少的原因-其他專業(yè)-文庫吧資料
2025-01-27 03:54本頁面
【正文】 et opportunities with age is largely responsible for the conitant decrease in crime, Grogger states. Fewer Guns Mean Fewer Gun Homicides. About onethird of the gunhomicide decline since 1993 is explained by the fall in gun ownership. Increases in gun ownership lead to a higher gunhomicide rate and legislation allowing citizens to carry concealed weapons does not reduce crime, according to a recent NBER Working Paper by Mark Duggan. In theory, the effect of gun ownership on crime is ambiguous. If criminals are deterred from mitting crimes when potential victims are more likely to possess a firearm, then more gun ownership may lead to a reduction in criminal activity. If instead guns increase the payoff to criminal activity, or simply increase the likelihood thatany particular confrontation will result in a victim39。s paper that stiff sanctions will do the job when it es to bating youth crime. But Levitt is careful to emphasize that his analysis does not suggest a clear public policy responsemore needs to be known about what works and what doesn39。s administration. The most prominent of his policy changes was the aggressive policing of lowerlevel crimes, a policy which has been dubbed the broken windows approach to law enforcement. In this view, small disorders lead to larger ones and perhaps even to crime. As Mr. Guiliani told the press in 1998, Obviously murder and graffiti are two vastly different crimes. But they are part of the same continuum, and a climate that tolerates one is more likely to tolerate the other. It does have an effect, particularly on robbery and motor vehicle theft. They use misdemeanor arrests as a measure of broken windows policing. Over the 1990s, misdemeanor arrests increased 70 percent in New York City. When arrests for misdemeanors had risen by 10 percent, indicating increased use of the broken windows method, robberies dropped to percent, and motor vehicle theft declined by to percent. But this decline was not the result of more of those involved in misdemeanors being incapacitated from further crimes by being in prison: prison stays for misdemeanors are short and only percent of misdemeanor arrests result in a jail sentence, the authors note. Furthermore, an increase in misdemeanor arrests has no impact on the number of murder, assault, and burglary cases, the authors finds. Coauthors identify several factors that could affect crime rates. Identifying the causal link between increases in police and the number of prisoners and crime is necessary. For example, the police force in New York City grew by 35 percent in the 1990s, the numbers of prison inmates rose 24 percent, and there were demographic changes, including a decline in the number of youths. High crime rates lead cities to hire more police, not that
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