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Cumu。 ? based on calculations of carcinogenic potency to rodents and the levels demonstrated to be present in food, those agents had a considerably greater potential to induce cancer in humans than did residues of many carcinogenic pesticides. 與許多致癌性殺蟲(chóng)劑的殘留物相比,這些天然存在的致癌物可在人體內(nèi) (tǐ n232。天然 (tiānr225。Present但暴露于高劑量下的人體沒(méi)有產(chǎn)生癌癥第一百五十二 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。highexposedhumanscasebeshouldwhybereasonsu)誘導(dǎo)腫瘤形成? 能夠 (n233。aslikelythey animals, in been carcinogenicity第一百五十一 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。toxicityregardpoundanɡ)最強(qiáng)? serves 毒性 (dcertainproductstoxicdioxin)? 二惡英( tetrachlorodibenzo173。TCDD化合物? 四氯二苯并 173。)的作用相類似? 潛在毒性及其對(duì)活組織的作用:與若干激素 (jīhormoneswell173。to be appear biological act these at fundamental potencyproducts of certain pesticides 是某些農(nóng)藥的副產(chǎn)物第一百四十九 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。ch233。Good examples of carcinogens without initiating activity沒(méi)有 (m233。)? tissue damage 組織損傷 i zh232。第一百四十七 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。 x236。? Celltocell munication via gap junctions is an important factor in suppressing tumorigenesis 阻礙細(xì)胞間在間隙匯合處進(jìn)行的信息交換 cells 提高引發(fā)細(xì)胞的凈增長(zhǎng)率 of細(xì)胞分裂經(jīng)過(guò)幾個(gè)循環(huán)后,就可以形成引發(fā)細(xì)胞的早期 (zǎoqī)無(wú)性后代? enhance be cell an progenyearlythecellcyclesapromoters促進(jìn)的直接 (zh237。results第一百四十五 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。ng)的第二階段 ———促進(jìn)? Promotion is an operationally defined stage of carcinogenes? accelerated formation of tumors 指加速 (jiā s249。Promotion癌癥形成 (x237。ng)特征? growth resulting in tumor promotion 細(xì)胞 (x236。Common feature 共同 (g242。n)毒性致癌物 非遺傳 (y237。第一百四十二 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。s236。),具有與五氯苯酚相類似 (l232。iintermediates.toare lindane,hexachlorbenzene true may六氯(代)苯和高丙體六六六Thelindanehexachlorbenzene第一百四十一 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。DNA.inoxidative to istetrachlorobenzoquinone, metabolized ismicefēn)carcinogenic 173。173。nhu225。phenylofcyclingaoftheproportionaltumorsof? Therats.administrationlong173。byareurinaryofcitrus on postharvest used防霉劑 鄰苯基苯酚azi) o173。例子 (l236。Examples:)細(xì)胞的機(jī)能失調(diào)、死亡或腫瘤的形成 zh236。zh236。guǒ)在染色體 DNA鄰近產(chǎn)生具有高度活性的羥基自由基 :引起 DNA氧化性損傷具有致突變潛力第一百三十八 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。第一百三十七 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。n)下哺乳動(dòng)物的有機(jī)組織能修復(fù) DNA氧化性損傷第一百三十六 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。oxygen radicals 氧自由基? part of normal regulatory circuits and the cellular redox state is tightly controlled by antioxidants 正常機(jī)體循環(huán)的一部分? An overall level of oxidative DNA damage is detectable under normal conditions, and the mammalian anism must be able to control the expression of such lesions. 正常條件 (ti225。pǐn)烹飪有關(guān)的誘導(dǎo)劑? Nnitrosamines 亞硝胺 Good examples of contaminants with an initiating action具有 (j249。n)? These mutations result in alterations in the expression of the gene or in the structure of the gene products 再導(dǎo)致基因表達(dá)或遺傳因子生成物的結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生變化 i zh232。第一百三十三 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。? 例如,將二甲基苯并蒽 (DMBA)作用于小鼠皮膚時(shí)專門(mén) (zhuānm233。rasthe61inspecificwithfrequentlyskintodimethylbenzanthracenetheapplicationexample, ras族原遺傳致癌基因和 p53腫瘤抑制基因第一百三十二 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。suppressorp53and family)的關(guān)鍵性基因? differentiationgrowthoftheinvolved損傷 (sǔnshāng)的基因? KeyDamaged cellsynthesisreplicativetimerelativelywithinmustthedivisionbyofandinitiation引發(fā) (yǐncondition第一百三十 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。extrapolation.methodswithonlydeterminedcannotthisextentngxiǎn)的低程度危害。definedlowpresentcarcinogensofng)? Low劑量 (j236。Dose(閾值指當(dāng)所用的劑量低于該值時(shí)不會(huì)產(chǎn)生某種效應(yīng) measurableanotrelated)? ach233。(即使只有非常少的劑量也會(huì)造成 (z224。不可逆 effect)anandandoses(even引發(fā) (yǐnnɡ)的四個(gè)階段? 引 發(fā) (yǐniof致腫瘤原所處范圍及位置影響誘變性第一百二十七 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。ofandthemutagenicityexists strong that bee hasc232。173。173。structures.by are pounds, categoriesforpredictbasisreasonably provide appearactivity第一百二十六 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。x236。(一)遺傳性毒性 (dGenotoxic非遺傳毒性致癌物 chu225。i)? Genotoxiccarcinogens致癌物的分類 (fēngroupsMTD)第一百二十四 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。dose配給 (p232。carcinogen高劑量致癌物? maximumofanimals較少的實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物? highnumbersy224。Carcinogenicity制定法規(guī) (fǎguī)時(shí)通常是依各種致癌效應(yīng)而定 toxicforeffectsforappropriatelyusuallycarcinogenstowithdecision不可逆性人體癌癥的產(chǎn)生具有 :cancerofThe第一百二十二 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。exposedhumanstotherisksdetermine何種劑量對(duì)人體是安全的? forisng):? what如果某種污染物或某種農(nóng)藥是某種動(dòng)物的致癌物,那么很難確定 (qu232。showdifficultiscarcinogen,antobeenpesticideoraCarcinogenicity二、致癌性第一百二十一 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。Cause 原因:the halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons that accumulate in fat, may be via breast milk. 某些化合物(尤其是脂肪組織中蓄積的鹵化芳香烴)主要 (zhǔy224。 Pesticides and contaminants may reach the fetus by placental transfer and may also be transferred to the newborn postnatally with the breast milk. 母乳喂養(yǎng)的嬰兒可能 (kěn233。 有一種酶,既能生物激活某些亞硝胺,也能解毒其他成分,但只在嬰兒出生 (chūshēng)后幾個(gè)月內(nèi)有活性,隨后就不存在了。birthmonthsa fully these pounds.detoxifyingresponsibleareenzymesthebioactivatednitrosaminesexample,在某些情況下成年人比嬰幼兒更敏感。offspring.thanmoreadultssomer)與成年人的差別 the fetus is more sensitive than adults 胎兒比成年人更易感染 (gǎnrǎn)腫瘤第一百一十七 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。)中的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)第一百一十六 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。大腦阻擋層)還沒(méi)有發(fā)育好第一百一十五 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。173。)還沒(méi)有發(fā)育好2)inplete function of excretory ans 排泄器官的功能還不夠完善3)inplete development of physiological barriers such as the bloodbrain barrier 生理阻擋層(如血液 173。)物特別敏感第一百一十四 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。newborn and very young infants may be particularly sensitive to the harmful effects of foreign chemicals新生兒和嬰幼兒對(duì)外來(lái)化學(xué) (hu224。uxiǎo)動(dòng)物為實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象進(jìn)行的毒性評(píng)估,從而確定 ADI/TDI值。youngintoxicological based should infant usedandinbelikelythat or for an establishmentl236。inshi)的不斷更新,應(yīng)該及時(shí)更新、核定 ADI值第一百一十二 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。anreevaluationleadshouldNewsafetyofnoAD1ADIbyishumanofagetheADI值的說(shuō)明 (shuōm237。)的影響因素? Differences in toxico kiics and on susceptibility for both the animal species tested and for humans 供試物種和人體 (r233。n x236。zhǒng)效應(yīng)時(shí)第一百一十 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。i yǒu)完成慢性毒性試驗(yàn) toxicological data are missing 缺少毒性數(shù)據(jù) 第一百零九 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。n)的物種與人體之間存在的種群差異2) differences in individuals 人與人之間存在的個(gè)體差異第一百零八 頁(yè) ,共一百八十九 頁(yè) 。? Cause 原因:1) differences in animals and humans 供試驗(yàn) (sh236。n)結(jié)果外推到人體時(shí),需除以一個(gè)安全系數(shù)(即不確定