【正文】 。由于黨的正確路線的指引，橡膠工業(yè)的工人和技術(shù)人員進(jìn)行了許多技術(shù)革新，并生產(chǎn)出許多新產(chǎn)品 。橡膠產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量日益增長(zhǎng)，許多產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量趕上了國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平。但現(xiàn)在，發(fā)生了巨大的變化。 南華大學(xué)九九級(jí)化學(xué)工程與工藝專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文 第 26 頁 共 27 頁 橡膠工業(yè)在我國(guó)社會(huì)主義建設(shè)中起著重要的作用。他們也改進(jìn)了產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量，并增加了產(chǎn)品的品種。 在黨中央的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下中國(guó)的橡膠工業(yè)正在高速發(fā)展，橡膠工業(yè)的工人和技術(shù)員進(jìn)行了許多革新。這些微生物可以氧化硫酸酯中的的硫，從而可能打破橡膠材料中的硫橋。橡膠碎屑的表面將會(huì)從彈性轉(zhuǎn)換成具有粘性的狀態(tài)。這些性質(zhì)之所以被損害主要是由于橡膠碎屑和新的橡膠母體之間化學(xué)鍵的削弱和缺乏。僅有一小部分磨碎的橡膠材料在必要的特性如系數(shù)和張力被破壞之前在新的橡膠材料中被合并。從經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)保角度出發(fā)，循環(huán)使用橡膠材料的最好方法是沉淀或煅燒。由此可見，人類需要通過有效的途徑來循環(huán)使用橡膠材料，從而使這些廢棄輪胎作為一種原材料具有新的價(jià)值。當(dāng)前，世界上積聚的廢棄輪胎數(shù)量達(dá)數(shù)十億，并且這個(gè)數(shù)字正 在以數(shù)億的增加量逐年遞增。這種知識(shí)會(huì)使得研究能夠設(shè)計(jì)和開發(fā)特殊的橡膠化合物，而不是僅僅依賴于試差這種消耗時(shí)間的方法。乳膠甚至用于幫助固定沙漠土壤使它們易于農(nóng)用。汽車和卡車的防碰緩沖器、吸收振動(dòng)的內(nèi)件、以及防碎的燃料箱有利于防止高速路上的傷亡。它們?cè)陂_發(fā)新的添加劑、過程、橡膠化合物和技術(shù)應(yīng)用。它們的應(yīng)用受到這些硅膠的高額生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用的限制。它們的防濕的作用使得它們很適用于戶外。 硅橡膠在 O 型圈和密封用途中表現(xiàn)的特別好。 丙烯酸應(yīng)用在像帶火花塞子的保護(hù) 罩，點(diǎn)火線的外套和對(duì)防油性要求較高的軟管上。它們的吸收振動(dòng)的能力為它們贏得了在汽車懸吊架緩沖器中的廣泛應(yīng)用。這些橡膠的熱穩(wěn)定性使它們適合于用在汽車水箱軟管。 異丁烯橡膠是由?？怂裳芯亢凸こ坦驹谒氖甏l(fā)展成商業(yè)產(chǎn)品的。它們用在橡膠膜中，用于覆蓋、農(nóng)業(yè)、和水分裝置等。 1962 年引入商業(yè)的乙烯 — 丙烯橡膠是由聚合物化學(xué)的新的研究而產(chǎn)生的。制成的所有SBR 的四分之三用于輪胎 — 世界上最多的橡膠制品。 世界上合成的橡膠一半以上是由苯乙烯和丁二烯的單體制成的。 雖然只有一種類型的天然橡膠存在，但是有許多不 同類型的合成橡膠，每個(gè)都有自身的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)。其它成分將顏色、香味、或耐磨的顆粒加入橡膠化合物。橡膠墊、內(nèi)管及汽車的一些部件和卡車輪胎等部分是由回收的橡膠制成的。碳酸鈣、粘土和二氧化鈦是非黑填料，可以降低成本和增加硬度，但是不影響產(chǎn)品的強(qiáng)度。通過將原始天然橡膠和其它成分混合，生產(chǎn)者可 以克服材料的弱點(diǎn)。 原始的天然橡膠是軟的、容易變形的而且熱的時(shí)候粘、冷的時(shí)候脆且硬。 天然橡膠的另一個(gè)主要來源是墨西哥和美國(guó)西南部的銀膠菊灌木。巴西三葉膠提供了世界天然橡膠供應(yīng)量的 99％以上。合成橡膠，或者叫彈性體，是由多種分子鏈節(jié)組成的，其中一些包括氟、氯、硅、氮、氧和硫等原子。天然橡膠在化學(xué)上被認(rèn)為是聚異戊二烯。 所有橡膠材料都是由幾百萬個(gè)長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的、纏繞的聚合物分子組成的。 天然合成橡膠的柔軟性、彈性和耐用性使得它們成為精選的材料，用于緩沖震動(dòng)、減弱突然的沖擊、衰減振動(dòng)、傳遞能量以及其他很多方面。普里斯雷注意到它可以擦去鉛筆字，所以他稱這個(gè)材料為橡膠。它是由他以前從沒有見過的材料制成的。在此，我特向院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和所有帶畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的指導(dǎo)老師們致以我最真摯的謝意！ 祝你們工作順利，合家幸福！ 南華大學(xué)九九級(jí)化學(xué)工程與工藝專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文 第 17 頁 共 27 頁 參考文獻(xiàn) 姚蒙正等，精細(xì)化工產(chǎn)品合成原理，中國(guó)石化出版社， 1992； 張帆，新有機(jī)試劑的合成，北京海洋出版社， 1985； 黃樞等，有機(jī)合成試劑制備手冊(cè)，四川大學(xué)出版社， 1998； 陳潔等，有機(jī)波譜分析，北京理工大學(xué)出版社， 1996； 王箴，化工詞典，北 京工業(yè)出版社， 1979； 洪鐘苓，化工有機(jī)原料深加工，化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社， 1997， 4； 張旭之，丙烯衍生物工學(xué)，化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社， 1997， 4； 徐壽昌，有機(jī)化學(xué)，高等教育出版社， 1993， 4 南華大學(xué)九九級(jí)化學(xué)工程與工藝專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文 第 18 頁 共 27 頁 RUBBERS Over 200 years ago, the British chemist Joseph Priestley received an intriguing bouncy ball from an American friend. It was made of a material he had not seen before. Priestley noticed that it could rub away pencil marks, and he named the material rubber. Since then rubber has bee so important to modern society that it is hard to imagine life without it. The flexibility, elasticity, and durability of natural and synthetic rubbers have made them choice materials for products that cushion shocks, soften blows, dampen vibrations, transmit power, and perform in many other ways. Tires, automotive ponents, electrical insulation, conveyor belts theater seats, building material, caulking, footwear, rubber bands, tennis ball, surgical glove, artificial hearts and refrigerator linings – these are only a sampling of a huge and growing list of products that are pletely or partly made of rubber. All rubber material is posed of millions of long, tangled polymeric molecules. Polymers are huge chainlike molecules posed of many smaller molecules. Natural rubber is known chemically as polyisoprene. It consists of tens of thousands of linked isoprene molecules, each one a simple 13atom bination of carbon and hydrogen. Synthetic rubbers, or elastomers, are made of variety of molecular links, some of which include atoms of fluorine, chlorine, silicon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. More than 200 plant species produce a milky, viscous sap called latex that contains natural rubber, but only two pf these species have bee mercially important. The Hevea brasiliensis tree provides more than 99 percent of the world’s supply of natural rubber. Originating in Brazil, the Hevea tree now is cultivated in many tropical countries, among them Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and parts of India and China. The other major source of natural rubber is the guayule bush of Mexice and the southwestern United States. Although it now accounts for only a small fraction of natural rubber production. Guayule may bee more widely 南華大學(xué)九九級(jí)化學(xué)工程與工藝專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文 第 19 頁 共 27 頁 cultivated in the future for its rubber and other natural chemicals. Raw natural rubber is soft, easily deformed, and clammy when warm, but brittle and rigid when cold. In its natural or untreated state, it is vulnerable to attack by chemicals, heat, and light, and it will degrade over time. By mixing the crude natural elastomer with other ingredients, manufacturers can overe the material’s limitations. Reinforcing fillers such as carbon black strengthen, color, and extend the original material and reduce the cost of producing rubber pounds. calcium carbonate, clay, and titanium dioxide are nonblank fillers that reduce cost and increase hardness but do not affect product strength. When cost is a primary consideration and strength is not crucial, manufacturers can use recycled rubber. Rubber mats, inner tubes, and some part of car and truck tires are partly made of recycled rubber. Softeners enhance mixing of the rubber pound or help in later processing steps. Other ingredients add color, odor, or abrasive particles to the rubber pound. Most modern rubber products are made using a bination of many of these ingredients. Although only one chemical type of natural rubber exists, there are many different chemical types of synthetic rubber, each with its own advantages and drawbacks. Among the most widely used are styrene