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設 為零息債券的權 ?711)1(3 ????? ????–第 2年,即使利率不變,經理也需要調整策略 – An appropriate promise must be established between the desire for perfect immunization and the need to control trading costs. 611)1(2 ????? ??– Immunization 在實際中 的問題 ? multiple nonparallel shifts in a nonhorizontal yield curve ? 通貨膨脹 – On this note, it is worth pointing out that immunization is a goal that may well be inappropriate for many investors who would find a zerorisk portfolio strategy unduly conservative. Full immunization is a fairly extreme position for a portfolio manager to pursue. Active bond management ?Interest rate forecasting ?identification of relative mispricing 演講完畢,謝謝觀看! 。經理希望通過 3年的零息債券和永久性現(xiàn)金流來 immunize這筆債務。 ? 當資產的收益變化時,其久期也發(fā)生了變化,這時,資產和債務的久期不再相匹配。假設公司選擇購買息率 8%, 6年到期的以價格 10000元發(fā)行的帶息債券為債務提供基金。 ?Bondindex funds –債券市場指標 ? Lehman Brothers ? Merrill Lynch ? Salomon Brothers – Number of issues – maturity of included bonds – excluded issues – weighting – reinvestment – Daily availability –構造反映債券市場指標的證券組合 ? 問題: – 交易少,很難以公平市價買到指標中包含的所有債券 – 不斷調整,利息收入重投資 ? 方法:精確復制債券指標不可行,采用 cellular方法 – 把債券市場分成幾類 – 指標中債券在各類中占的比例 – 按這一比例構造債券組合 ?Immunization –兩種不同的看待利率風險的方式 ? 銀行,使得資產凈現(xiàn)值不受利率波動的影響 ? 養(yǎng)老金,使得資產將來的值不受風險的影響 –通過適當調整證券組合的到期日結構,規(guī)避利率風險 – Net worth immunization ? 先計算承諾的現(xiàn)金流的 duration,再投資在一個具有相同 duration的證券組合。通過準確預測利率來辨別誤定價的債券或者制定交易時間,從而能夠獲得超額收益。證券選擇(security selection)和決定交易時間 (market timing)都是無用的,不會帶來超平均的收益。對等價或者溢價發(fā)行的債券,上述關系總是成立 –別的因素不變,到期收益越低,帶息債券的duration越高。 – 表示債券剩下的距到期日的時間。 –這里 表示在時間 接受的現(xiàn)金流的現(xiàn)值,利用債券的到期收益作為折現(xiàn)率得到。 Duration ?例子:息率 8%的債券 Y i e l d t om a t u r i t yT = 1 y e a r T = 1 0 y e a r s T = 2 0 y e a r s8% 1000 1000 10009 9 9 0 . 6 4 9 3 4 . 9 6 9 0 7 . 9 9C h a n g e i np r i c e0 . 9 4 % 6 . 5 % 9 . 2 0 %Y i e l d t om a t u r i t yT = 1 y e a r T = 1 0 y e a r s T = 2 0 y e a r s8% 9 2 4 .5 6 4 5 6 .3 9 2 0 8 .2 99 9 1 5 .7 3 4 1 4 .6 4 1 7 1 .9 3C h a n g e i np r i c e0 .9 6 % 9 .1 5 % 1 7 .4 6 %?In some sense a zero coupon bond represents a longerterm bond than an equaltimematurity coupon bond. This is the sight about effective maturity. ?比較 20年到期的零息債券和帶息債券。 –債券發(fā)行時的初始到期收益越低,則它對收益變化的敏感度越大。 例子 ?Bond C: coupon rate=7%, yield=7%, P=1000 ?Bond D: coupon rate=9%, yield=7%, P=1082 ?when yield change to be 8% – bond C: price 1000 , % – bond D: price 1082 % –長期債券的價格對利率變化的敏感度大于短期債券的敏感度。 –當債券的收益上升和下降相同的數(shù)量時,收益上升導致價格下降的規(guī)模,小于收益下降導致價格上升的規(guī)模。 –如果債券的收益在到期日之前不變,則它的折價或者酬金的規(guī)模將隨著到期日的接近而下降。 ?當息率等于利率時,價格等于面值 – In these circumstances, the investor receives fair pensation for the time value of money in the form of the recurring interest payments. No further capital gain is necessary to provide fair pensation. ?當息率小于利率時,價格小于面值 – The coupon payments alone will not provide investors as high a return as they could earn elsewhere in the market. To receive a fair return on such an investment, investors also need to earn price appreciation on their bonds. The bond would have to sell below par value to provide a “builtin” capital gain on the investment. –例子:面值 1000元,息率 7%,公平利率 8%,三年到期 ? 現(xiàn)在公平價格 =70() +1000() = ? 一年后公平價格為 =70() +10