【正文】 2023年 1月 23日星期一 7時 44分 5秒 19:44:0523 January 2023 1一個人即使已登上頂峰，也仍要自強不息。 2023年 1月 23日星期一 下午 7時 44分 5秒 19:44: 1最具挑戰(zhàn)性的挑戰(zhàn)莫過于提升自我。勝人者有力，自勝者強。 :44:0519:44Jan2323Jan23 1越是無能的人，越喜歡挑剔別人的錯兒。 , January 23, 2023 閱讀一切好書如同和過去最杰出的人談話。 2023年 1月 23日星期一 7時 44分 5秒 19:44:0523 January 2023 1空山新雨后，天氣晚來秋。 2023年 1月 23日星期一 下午 7時 44分 5秒 19:44: 1楚塞三湘接，荊門九派通。 19:44:0519:44:0519:44Monday, January 23, 2023 1不知香積寺，數(shù)里入云峰。 19:44:0519:44:0519:441/23/2023 7:44:05 PM 1成功就是日復一日那一點點小小努力的積累。 下午 7時 44分 5秒 下午 7時 44分 19:44: 沒有失敗，只有暫時停止成功！。 2023年 1月 下午 7時 44分 :44January 23, 2023 1行動出成果，工作出財富。 :44:0519:44:05January 23, 2023 1他鄉(xiāng)生白發(fā)，舊國見青山。 :44:0519:44Jan2323Jan23 1故人江海別，幾度隔山川。 , January 23, 2023 雨中黃葉樹，燈下白頭人。 2023 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. * Characteristics of an Effective DecisionMaking Process ? It focuses on what is important. ? It is logical and consistent. ? It acknowledges both subjective and objective thinking and blends analytical with intuitive thinking ? It requires only as much information and analysis as is necessary to resolve a particular dilemma. ? It encourages and guides the gathering of relevant information and informed opinion. ? It is straightforward, reliable, easy to use, and flexible. 29 Copyright 169。 2023 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. * DecisionMaking Biases and Errors (cont’d) ? Sunk Costs Errors ? Fetting that current actions cannot influence past events and relate only to future consequences. ? SelfServing Bias ? Taking quick credit for successes and blaming outside factors for failures. ? Hindsight Bias ? Mistakenly believing that an event could have been predicted once the actual oute is known (afterthefact). 27 Copyright 169。 2023 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. * DecisionMaking Biases and Errors (cont’d) ? Anchoring Effect ?Fixating on initial information and ignoring subsequent information. ? Selective Perception ?Selecting anizing and interpreting events based on the decision maker’s biased perceptions. ? Confirmation Bias ?Seeking out information that reaffirms past choices and discounting contradictory information. 25 Copyright 169。 2023 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. * DecisionMaking Styles (cont’d) ? Types of Decision Makers ?Directive ?Use minimal information and consider few alternatives. ?Analytic ?Make careful decisions in unique situations. ?Conceptual ?Maintain a broad outlook and consider many alternatives in making longterm decisions. ?Behavioral ?Avoid conflict by working well with others and being receptive to suggestions. 23 Copyright 169。 2023 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. * DecisionMaking Conditions ? Uncertainty ?Limited or information prevents estimation of oute probabilities for alternatives associated with the problem and may force managers to rely on intuition, hunches, and “gut feelings”. ?Maximax: the optimistic manager’s choice to maxim