【正文】 Schoolcraft, an ethnologist and geologist, preserved a great deal of information about Native Americans in the Great Lakes region. H。expansion came displacement of Native Americans. From the early 1800s on, anguished speeches were presented by Native American leaders who faced a bleak future. Tenskwatawa, a Shawnee prophet, delivered one such speech to the Iroquois nation in 1806. Other speeches addressed to American officials in Washington, ., pointed to the destruction of Native American cultures as the United States expanded. Henry an article that argued for the annexation of Texas and appeared in the JulyAugust 1845 issue of United States Magazine and Democratic Review. Other articles in that issue acknowledged that as the United States expanded, Native American cultures were being lost. WithSullivan in 39。westwardnarrativessatires, or, The WhimWhams and Opinions of Launcelot Langstaff, Esq., and Others, which was devoted to satirical writings.Throughmagaziness famous ic creation, the Dutch American scholar Diedrich Knickerbocker, offered a surprising twist on standard local history. A satire on the exaggeration and earnestness often found in local histories, this work seemed to reflect America39。histories,independencefirst religious writing, on the other hand, had substantially declined in importance.AManifestations of NationhoodAmongoftheAmerica faced a difficult challenge: how to create its own culture. The religious and political writers of the 17th and 18th centuries offered some guidance. Cotton Mather, for example, had argued for the uniqueness of America39。earlys The Coquette (1797), a novel in the form of letters. IVNATIONHOOD: THE 1800SIns The Emigrants (1793), the story of an English family whose life improves in America。s Charlotte Temple (1791), a tragic romance that involves a young woman’s journey from England to the colonies during the Revolution。became formally established only after the American Revolution. The Power of Sympathy (1789), a tragic love story by William Hill Brown, is generally considered the first American novel. Charles Brockden Brown is among the bestremembered novelists of the period. His Wieland。s and the firstknown Native American autobiography in English. “A Short Narrative of My Life” was written in 1768 by Samson Occum, a member of the Mohegan tribe who became a Presbyterian minister. The work was not published in its entirety until 1982. FThe First American FictionAmericantonarrativess rights and status be considered as part of this statement of human rights. Her requests were not radical by today39。ontheoffinallackeda leading figure in the cause of American independence with the pamphlet Common Sense (1776). This enormously popular political document asserted that the American colonies received no advantage from Great Britain and that every consideration of mon sense called for them to establish an independent republican government. Written in a straightforward style using the language of the mon person, Common Sense was published six months before the Declaration of Independence was adopted. At that point, most colonists still believed that their grievances with Great Britain could be settled peaceably. Paine profoundly shook this belief, insisting that there was no turning back and making his readers feel that each person had the power and responsibility to participate in the cause of revolution.AlthoughPaines writing, the work reached an enormous audience through translations into European languages. Franklin’s Autobiography was first published in full in 1868, 78 years after his death。literary career as a publisher but made his greatest contribution to American literature as a writer. In his writing Franklin advocated hard work as the key to success. His views e across clearly in the maxims, proverbs, and homespun wisdom that filled his Poor Richard39。began they also emphasized the importance of the individual and freedom over and above established authorities and institutions. America39。mid1700sliterary circles in the 1750s and 1760s. These groups, known as salons, resembled men’s reading clubs. They also encouraged members to pose their own work, mainly poetry. Some of these writings have been preserved or recovered but many of the manuscripts, largely unpublished, have been lost or remain to be found. DPolitical WritingBy or Virtue Rewarded by British author Samuel Richardson. Women1700s it was joined by the Boston Gazette in 1719. At a time when newspaper journalism was concerned primarily with reporting political events, the NewEngland Courant, started by James Franklin in 1721, became the first newspaper to include literary entertainment. Franklin’s younger brother Benjamin Franklin published humorous social mentary in the Courant under the pen name and persona of Silence Dogood, the widow of a minister. Magazines also appeared for the first time in the colonies during the mid1700s. Before 1800 magazines were concerned primarily with measuring America’s developing culture against the British model. Duringsuccessfulvecoeur. This work also anticipated American fiction, particularly in the creation of its distinctive firstperson narrator, Farmer James. Written toward the end of the American Revolution, Letters from an American Farmer was an interesting effort to describe and define what it meant to be an American. CJournalismThetobookfornewcareerMather39。 however, its size, scope, and interest in the human side of the Puritan founders marked a new achievement in American literary history. Mather39。Mathers ideas were a plicated mix, shaped not only by his study and love of the Puritans but also by 17th and 18thcentury European philosophy. Some of Edwards39。religious1700s,s scathing accusations, Cotton Mather tends to be remembered as a witchhunter, although his own writings suggest a relatively moderate stance on the subject.IIITOWARD INDEPENDENCE: THE 1700S