【正文】 t。否則，這個段落就是不完整的。段落的中心思想必須得到充分的討論，一個觀點必須得到足夠的事實支持，方可進入下一段落。 Example 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 The moon has always been an object of interest to human beings； however until the 1960s, getting there was only a dream. Although some thought that people could never reach the moon, Neil Armstrong stepped onto the lunar(月亮的 )surface in 1969. After that moon landings have bee routine(日常事務 )to the general public. 經(jīng)過兩段的比較可以看出， 加了連接詞的段落，段落內句與句之間銜接和諧、條理清晰、層次分明、通順流暢。達到連貫性的一個重要策略是使用合適的連接詞。一個段落內的各句應該有邏輯地、自然地銜接在一起，成為一個完整的整體。 一個好的段落除了內容要統(tǒng)一、完整外，還要結構連貫。再如： Sample 1 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 An educated man is a tolerant寬容的 man. He respects the opinions of his friends. For example, Dr. Reynolds likes old things. He likes old enjoys old books. He owns old furniture. Some people don’t like any old thing . They don’t like old paintings. They don’t enjoy old books. They always buy modern furniture. Dr. Reynolds never criticizes them. He respects people’s differences. He understands human nature. He is a wise and kind man. 這種“主題句加例證” 的寫作格式是取得統(tǒng)一性的常用方法。 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 (Unity) 一個好的段落通常只有一個中心思想。 2. 段落的連貫性 (Coherence)。段落通過詞匯（如 feeling, cards, words等）和意義上的重復，代詞的使用，以及過渡詞（如 instead of, if, or, but）達到連貫，最后是強有力的結尾。作者采用的是 “ 從一般到具體 ” 的寫作方法。例如： 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 Although working is good for us, as it helps train our body and mind, yet there should be a limit. Too much work will use up our energy, and we shall feel tied. We should know that our capacity(容量 ) is limited. Our mind also needs relaxation, without which we could bee sluggish(行動遲緩的 ). We should always remember that we are human beings, and that we need playing and amusements to make our life fuller. This paragraph is about the limit of 是 Topic Sentence .主題句位于句首。英語段落的主題句大多位于句首，但也有居于中間或末尾的。這些具體細節(jié)使中心思想的表述呈現(xiàn)一定的層次。 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 段落的組成和特征 (Basic Structure of a Paragraph) 一個核心的英語段落一般由一個主題句 (topic sentence)、若干個支持句或擴展句 (supporting sentence或 developing sentence)構成 , 有的還有關聯(lián)句（ transitional sentence）和結論句（ concluding sentence）。 一個段落可長可短，視全篇的需要而定，比如要看該文章的主題是什么，本段落在全文中處于什么位置，以及它在文章觀點闡述過程中有何作用等。內容完整就是要求段落中的各句都緊緊圍繞一個中心或主題，如有必要另辟主題則需另起一段。 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 一個段落既是一篇文章的組成部分，又是一個自成一體、相對獨立的整體。因此，語段是一個相對獨立的較大語義單位，既與上下語段相關聯(lián)，又與上下語段相區(qū)別。我們知道，句子在一定的語境中能夠單獨地使用，能夠單獨地表達相對完整的意思。 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 同步練習： Use coordination or subordination to bine the groups of simple sentences into longer sentences. Omit the words where necessary.(用并列連詞或從屬連詞將下列簡單句連成長句。 ” 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 ? I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Geia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. 我夢想有一天，在佐治亞的紅山上，昔日奴隸的兒子將能夠和昔日奴隸主的兒子坐在一起，共敘兄弟情誼。 例如 “ I have a dream that one day…” 。這份演講氣勢如虹，感情充沛，鼓動性強。路德 用排比句、修辭疑問句、倒裝句等多樣化的句型能增添語言的渲染力，增加文章的藝術色彩。 a. The girl was in despair and turned to her friends for help. 應該為： In despair, the girl turned to her friends for help. 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 ④ 不定式短語開頭。 a. We reached our destination exhausted. 應該為： Exhausted, we reached our destination. b. I finished my homework and began to review the lessons. 應該為： Having finished my homework, I began to review the lessons. 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 ② 形容詞開頭。 ) 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 同步練習 1. She spends her free time reading, listening to music, and she works in the garden. ——She spends her free time reading, listening to music and working in the garden. 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 2. The teacher told us that we should read our text and to write a short review of it. —— The teacher told us that we should read our text and write a short review of it. ——Or: The teacher told us to read our text and write a short review of it. 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 3. Mr. Butler is a man of wide experience and who is very popular with his coworkers. —— Mr. Butler is a man of wide experience and great popularity among his coworkers. 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 4. Would you prefer to go for a walk outside or staying indoors? ——Would you prefer to go for a walk outside or stay indoors? 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 5. Please clean the kitchen, the heat must turn down, and lock the doors. ——Please clean the kitchen, turn down the heat, and lock the doors. 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 6. The manager told Henry that he had only two choices: to work harder or leaving the pany. ——The manager told Henry that he had only two choices: to work harder or to leave the pany. 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 7. My best friend is honest, clever, and works hard. —— My best friend is honest, clever, and hardworking. 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 8. After the long trip, I was tired out, thirsty, and wanted to eat. ———After the long trip, I was tired out, thirsty, and hungry. 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 (Variety) 要使文章生動吸引人，寫作時要經(jīng)常變換句型和句子結構。這種結構能使句子顯得嚴謹，層次分明，增強感染力。 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 同步練習 1. The chairman will give up his job next year because of old age. The chairman will retire next year. woman who is dressed in black over there is the person who is now in charge of our sales department. The woman in black over there is the manager of our sales department. 《英語應用文寫作》多媒體 教學 課件 （ Parallelism) 在一個句子中，有幾個表達相近或相對意義的并列成分時，應該使用詞性一致的排比結構，這就是寫作中的平行結構原則。 累贅的詞指的是拖泥帶水，啰啰唆唆的詞或詞組。 a. It was blue in color. b. It was small in size. c. In my opinion, I think your plan is feasible. d. Mary is a quiet and careful woman. 以上劃線部分都屬于意義重復，應去掉。在不改變句子意義的情況下，在能用詞的地方，不用短語；在能用短語的地方不用句子。 they should do