(4單元)宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)(曼昆經(jīng)濟學(xué))第6版(參考版)
2025-08-07 18:23本頁面
【正文】 ?也是因為收益遞減，窮國資本的收益率特別高。 Summary ?The accumulation of capital is subject to diminishing returns. ?Because of diminishing returns, higher saving leads to a higher growth for a period of time, but growth will eventually slow down. ?Also because of diminishing returns, the return to capital is especially high in poor countries. 內(nèi)容提要 ?資本積累受收益遞減的限制。 Summary ?Productivity depends on the amounts of physical capital, human capital, natural resources, and technological knowledge available to workers. ?Government policies can influence the economy’s growth rate in many different ways. 內(nèi)容提要 ?生產(chǎn)率取決于物質(zhì)資本量、人力資本量、自然資源量和技術(shù)知識。 ?世界最富裕國家的平均收入是世界最貧窮國家的 10倍以上。 長期以來，經(jīng)濟學(xué)家和其他社會學(xué)家一直爭論人口增長如何影響一個社會。 ?許多經(jīng)濟學(xué)家把經(jīng)濟增長快慢歸因于技術(shù)變革和新思想的創(chuàng)造。 CASE STUDY: The Productivity Slowdown and Speedup ? The causes of the changes in productivity growth are elusive. ? The slowdown cannot be traced to the factors of production that are most easily measured. ? Many economists attribute the slowdown and speedup in economic growth to changes in technology and the creation of new ideas. 案例研究 :生產(chǎn)率增長放慢與加快 ?生產(chǎn)率增長變化的原因是捉摸不定的。 ?從 1973到 1995年，生產(chǎn)率每年增長只有％。 ?政府通過補貼、減稅和專利制度來鼓勵新技術(shù)的開發(fā)。 Research and Development ?The advance of technological knowledge has led to higher standards of living. ?Most technological advance es from private research by firms and individual inventors. ?Government can encourage the development of new technologies through research grants, tax breaks, and the patent system. 研究與開發(fā) ?技術(shù)知識的進步帶來更高的生活水平。 Free Trade ?Some countries engage in . . . . . . inwardorientated trade policies, avoiding interaction with other countries. . . . outwardorientated trade policies, encouraging interaction with other countries. 自由貿(mào)易 ?一些國家實施 . . . . . . 內(nèi)向型 貿(mào)易政策 , 避免與世界其他國家相互交易。 Free Trade ?Trade is, in some ways, a type of technology. ?A country that eliminates trade restrictions will experience the same kind of economic growth that would occur after a major technological advance. 自由貿(mào)易 ?在某些方面，貿(mào)易是一種技術(shù)。 ?價格制度發(fā)生作用的一個重要前提是經(jīng)濟中廣泛尊重產(chǎn)權(quán)。 Education 教育 One problem facing some poor countries is the brain drainthe emigration of many of the most highly educated workers to rich countries. 一些貧窮國家面臨的一個問題是 人才外流 —— 許多受過最高教育的工人移民到富國。 ?因此，政府可以提高生活水平的一種方法是提供良好的學(xué)校，并鼓勵人們利用這些學(xué)校。 Education ?For a country’s longrun growth, education is at least as important as investment in physical capital. ?In the United States, each year of schooling raises a person’s wage on average by about 10 percent. ?Thus, one way the government can enhance the standard of living is to provide schools and encourage the population to take advantage of them. 教育 ?教育對一個國家的長期經(jīng)濟成功至少與物質(zhì)資本投資同樣重要。 Investment from Abroad Investment from abroad takes several forms: ?Foreign Direct Investment ?Capital investment owned and operated by a foreign entity. ?Foreign Portfolio Investment ?Investments financed with foreign money but operated by domestic residents. 來自國外的投資 來自國外的投資采取幾種形式： ?外國直接投資 ?由外國實體擁有并經(jīng)營的資本投資。 Diminishing Returns and the CatchUp Effect 收益遞減與追趕效應(yīng) The catchup effect refers to the condition that, other things being equal, it is easier for a country to grow fast if it starts out relatively poor. 追趕效應(yīng) 是指在其他條件相同的情況下，如果一國開始時較窮，它要迅速增
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