【正文】 應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。新設(shè)計(jì)本身會有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)?所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。例如，即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，也會使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。另一個(gè)重要問題，設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。互動系統(tǒng)基于計(jì)算機(jī)的能力，已經(jīng)使計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（CAD）和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（CAM）成為了可能。設(shè)計(jì)工作的各個(gè)方面都應(yīng)該檢查和復(fù)查。計(jì)算（圖紙尺寸）檢查是非常重要的。仔細(xì)精確的計(jì)算是必要的，以確保設(shè)計(jì)的有效性。對產(chǎn)品的功能，它的外觀、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的選擇是十分重要的。任何產(chǎn)品在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)第一步就是選擇產(chǎn)品每個(gè)部分的構(gòu)成材料。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。11. 介紹盤式和鼓式離合器以及制動器的設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)說明。9. 深入介紹直齒圓柱齒輪的動力學(xué)、設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)力分析，并簡單介紹斜齒輪、錐齒輪和渦輪有關(guān)方面的問題。7. 使用疲勞分析技術(shù)校核軸的設(shè)計(jì)。5. 介紹疲勞失效理論并強(qiáng)調(diào)在壓力條件下接近高循環(huán)的疲勞設(shè)計(jì)，這通常用在旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)中。3. 回顧應(yīng)力的基本規(guī)律和失效分析。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)包括一下內(nèi)容：1. 對設(shè)計(jì)過程、設(shè)計(jì)所需要公式以及安全系數(shù)進(jìn)行介紹。9. 調(diào)整有效的設(shè)計(jì)方案，以適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)過程和降低成本。7. 選擇組合材料。5. 提供良好的應(yīng)力分布和最小的剛度條件。3. 預(yù)測沒有想到的負(fù)載。1. 要有創(chuàng)造性的利用所需要的物理性質(zhì)和控制過程。為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維，下列是設(shè)計(jì)和分析的建議規(guī)則。一些設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則在本節(jié)中，建議要運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度來替代和改進(jìn)。從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對材料的性質(zhì)，特點(diǎn)和加工方法有一個(gè)全面而基本的了解。對這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)而指明方向。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中，由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當(dāng)其性能數(shù)據(jù)長期不更新；(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證；(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時(shí)，采用最好的程序。許多方案必須被研究、試驗(yàn)、完善，然后決定使用還是放棄。如果它的測試是符合事先要求的，則再將對初步設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行某些修改，使它能夠在制造成本上有所降低。設(shè)計(jì)的過程是重復(fù)和合作的過程，無論是正式或非正式的進(jìn)行，對設(shè)計(jì)者來說每個(gè)階段都很重要。也要選擇原材料和處理原材料的方法。接著還要客觀的分析機(jī)器性能的優(yōu)越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且競爭力的成本也要考慮在分析結(jié)果之內(nèi)。很有可能在這個(gè)計(jì)劃最后決定中,使用了某些不在計(jì)劃之內(nèi)的一些設(shè)想。只有這樣，才不致于阻斷創(chuàng)新的思路。在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不要受到任何約束。關(guān)鍵詞： 設(shè)計(jì)流程 設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)流程設(shè)計(jì)開始之前就要想到機(jī)器的實(shí)際性，現(xiàn)存的機(jī)器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。在分析運(yùn)動及設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要把產(chǎn)品外型以及以后的保養(yǎng)也要考慮在機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中。許多原則和設(shè)計(jì)方法不但適用于機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)，也適用于非機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)。s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the pletely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brandnew design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.譯文:機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)摘要： 機(jī)器是由機(jī)械裝置和其它組件組成的。t understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty longterm performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some pletely inpetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quanti