【正文】 員和公司在選擇材料時(shí)，采用最好的程序。對(duì)這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)而指明方向。一些設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則在本節(jié)中，建議要運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度來替代和改進(jìn)。1. 要有創(chuàng)造性的利用所需要的物理性質(zhì)和控制過程。5. 提供良好的應(yīng)力分布和最小的剛度條件。9. 調(diào)整有效的設(shè)計(jì)方案，以適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)過程和降低成本。3. 回顧應(yīng)力的基本規(guī)律和失效分析。7. 使用疲勞分析技術(shù)校核軸的設(shè)計(jì)。11. 介紹盤式和鼓式離合器以及制動(dòng)器的設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)說明。任何產(chǎn)品在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)第一步就是選擇產(chǎn)品每個(gè)部分的構(gòu)成材料。仔細(xì)精確的計(jì)算是必要的，以確保設(shè)計(jì)的有效性。設(shè)計(jì)工作的各個(gè)方面都應(yīng)該檢查和復(fù)查。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。例如，即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)?所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識(shí)本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。另一個(gè)重要問題，設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。互動(dòng)系統(tǒng)基于計(jì)算機(jī)的能力，已經(jīng)使計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（CAD）和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（CAM）成為了可能。計(jì)算（圖紙尺寸）檢查是非常重要的。對(duì)產(chǎn)品的功能，它的外觀、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的選擇是十分重要的。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。9. 深入介紹直齒圓柱齒輪的動(dòng)力學(xué)、設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)力分析，并簡(jiǎn)單介紹斜齒輪、錐齒輪和渦輪有關(guān)方面的問題。5. 介紹疲勞失效理論并強(qiáng)調(diào)在壓力條件下接近高循環(huán)的疲勞設(shè)計(jì)，這通常用在旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)中。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)包括一下內(nèi)容：1. 對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)過程、設(shè)計(jì)所需要公式以及安全系數(shù)進(jìn)行介紹。7. 選擇組合材料。3. 預(yù)測(cè)沒有想到的負(fù)載。為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維，下列是設(shè)計(jì)和分析的建議規(guī)則。從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對(duì)材料的性質(zhì)，特點(diǎn)和加工方法有一個(gè)全面而基本的了解。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中，由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當(dāng)其性能數(shù)據(jù)長(zhǎng)期不更新；(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證；(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。許多方案必須被研究、試驗(yàn)、完善，然后決定使用還是放棄。設(shè)計(jì)的過程是重復(fù)和合作的過程，無論是正式或非正式的進(jìn)行，對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)者來說每個(gè)階段都很重要。接著還要客觀的分析機(jī)器性能的優(yōu)越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的成本也要考慮在分析結(jié)果之內(nèi)。只有這樣，才不致于阻斷創(chuàng)新的思路。關(guān)鍵詞： 設(shè)計(jì)流程 設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)流程設(shè)計(jì)開始之前就要想到機(jī)器的實(shí)際性，現(xiàn)存的機(jī)器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。許多原則和設(shè)計(jì)方法不但適用于機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)，也適用于非機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)。t understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty longterm performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some pletely inpetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have prehensive and the basic understanding. Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products. To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a bination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral ponents.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly. Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading. 3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis. 4. Introduces fatiguefailure theory with the emphasis on stresslife approaches to highcycle fatigue design, which is monly used in the design of rotation machinery. 5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue. 6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigueanalysis techniques. 7. Discusses fluidfilm and rollingelement bearing theory and application 8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing. 9. Discusses spring design including pression ,extension and torsion springs. 10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and pr