【正文】 The mon WHITE CABBAGE, capitata alba, is the proper sort for winter. It is long sided and。ner,中稱荷蘭甘藍(lán)是最扁最大的甘藍(lán) being the flatest and largest of all, and a very large and flat cabbage.可能就是在18世紀(jì)末期扁圓形甘藍(lán)大規(guī)模地替代古老的圓球形甘藍(lán)。扁圓形甘藍(lán)被稱為荷蘭甘藍(lán)。在美國Virginia文獻(xiàn)中記載的甘藍(lán)均是大型晚熟圓球形甘藍(lán)品種，Large Winter, Large, Large English, Common or White, and Late。1693年，John Evelyn翻譯了法國De La Quintinye的園藝著作The Compleat Gard39。Tis scarce an hundred Years since we first had Cabbages out of Holland. Sir Anth. Ashley of Wiburg St. Giles in Dorsetshire, being (as I am told) the first who planted them in England. 在英國有關(guān)結(jié)球甘藍(lán)的最早圖片記載是1597年Gerard著述的Herball or General Historie of Plants, 其中描繪了圓球形的大型甘藍(lán)，并稱此在不列顛王國到處種植并食用非常普遍。Thomas Hill在The Gardeners Labyrinth, (1577)尚未對結(jié)球甘藍(lán)有較清楚的描述。的Vitas patrum (1495)提到, He laboured the gardins, sewe the seedes for cabochis（古英語cabbage）, and coleworts.首先在John Baret39。晚熟園球和扁圓形甘藍(lán)是最古老和種類最多的結(jié)球甘藍(lán)類型。Alexander Whitaker在其 Good Newes from Virginia, (1612)中著述,“我們英國的豌豆，洋蔥，蕪菁，結(jié)球甘藍(lán)，花椰菜在這兒非常興旺”18世紀(jì)前在Williamsburg已有一大批優(yōu)良的甘藍(lán)品種。大部分的植物學(xué)家認(rèn)為所有的現(xiàn)代甘藍(lán)起源于歐洲西部和南部海岸線附近的野生甘藍(lán)(B. oleracea, var., sylvestris) ，古猶太人在圣經(jīng)中并無關(guān)于甘藍(lán)的記載，羅馬人Cato, Pliny, Columella, Dioscorides, Theophrastus則分別在其著述中提到了藥用和食用的甘藍(lán)。ner, there are at least six varieties of cabbage cultivated in gardens and the white or bright is the mon late round variety sown for winter or early spring use. The varieties of cabbages listed in the survey of 18th century Virginia references that most likely fall into the late cabbage category are: Large Winter, Large, Large English, Common or White, and Late. By the 18th century the flat and long sided varieties of mon cabbage appear. Philip Miller, in the 1754 edition of The Gardeners Dictionary, includes in the list of cabbages fit for winter use, Common White, flat, and long sided. The flat cabbage often goes by the name of Dutch Cabbage and, late in the century, as Drumhead Cabbage. Stephen Switzer, in The Practical Kitchen Gard39。s Herball or General Historie of Plants, (1597), in which he pictures the White Cabbage Cole, a large winter cabbage, very round with a white interior that he says is the great ordinarie Cabbage knowne every where, and as monly eaten all over this kingdom. Parkinson, in Paradisis in Sol, (1629) pictures several cabbage varieties and calls the large round cabbage Ordinary Cabbage. By 1693, when John Evelyn publishes the translation of the Frenchman De La Quintinye39。Tis scarce an hundred Years since we first had Cabbages out of Holland. Sir Anth. Ashley of Wiburg St. Giles in Dorsetshire, being (as I am told) the first who planted them in England.39。s Vitas patrum (1495), He laboured the gardins, sewe the seedes for cabochis, and coleworts. The first use of the scientific name for cabbage is found in John Baret39。本實(shí)驗(yàn)揭示了中國傳統(tǒng)晚熟甘藍(lán)地方品種這一重要的結(jié)球甘藍(lán)基因資源庫，在這個(gè)群體內(nèi)的遺傳多樣性為我們提供了有價(jià)值的信息可以幫助育種家選育新的F1雜交種。目前大部分商業(yè)品種所用育種材料是近50年來引入的甘藍(lán)品種。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果不僅揭示了不同地區(qū)甘藍(lán)的遺傳多樣性和遺傳關(guān)系，同時(shí)也給我國充分利用中國現(xiàn)有種質(zhì)資源進(jìn)行結(jié)球甘藍(lán)育種具有系統(tǒng)的指導(dǎo)意義?？紤]到中國北方晚熟甘藍(lán)內(nèi)部相對豐富的遺傳多樣性，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果支持結(jié)球甘藍(lán)是從歐洲地中海起源地通過俄羅斯和中亞地區(qū)傳入中國北方各地，而且是不只一次引入才導(dǎo)致了中國北方晚熟甘藍(lán)內(nèi)部相對較為豐富的遺傳多樣性。在我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，充分的證據(jù)表明中國北方晚熟甘藍(lán)和俄羅斯及烏克蘭類群具有較歐洲其它國家群體較近的遺傳親緣關(guān)系。在分子水平上獲得的遺傳親緣關(guān)系證實(shí)了部分中國歷史古籍中關(guān)于晚熟甘藍(lán)從俄羅斯傳入中國的記載。這個(gè)結(jié)果揭示了我國晚熟類群內(nèi)具有相對較為豐富的遺傳多樣性供將來甘藍(lán)育種需要。為了排除早熟甘藍(lán)的干擾并進(jìn)一步精確研究古老晚熟品種之間的地域性關(guān)系，在地理群體研究中排除了早熟類型材料。 晚熟圓球型或扁圓球型品種是世界上最古老的結(jié)球甘藍(lán)類型，根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)古籍記載也是中國最早栽培的結(jié)球甘藍(lán)類型。金早生(SO9), 雞心甘藍(lán)(SO2)和北京早熟(SO8)是在中國應(yīng)用較廣的早熟型甘藍(lán)育種材料。結(jié)球甘藍(lán)染色體中僅僅只有少數(shù)基因參與形成了這種親晰可辨的形態(tài)性狀，而大部分的基因差異并不反映在我們所能直接看到的性狀的差異。結(jié)球甘藍(lán)表型分析表明早熟尖球或圓球類型的群體之間遺傳距離（）并不顯著大于其群體內(nèi)部遺傳多樣性（，）。本實(shí)驗(yàn)另一個(gè)重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是盡管本實(shí)驗(yàn)中12個(gè)中國南方品種類群的表型涵蓋了早熟到晚熟，尖球類型和圓球類型至扁圓球類型，他們卻確實(shí)共同聚在了Group II。還有一部分中國北方的晚熟甘藍(lán)聚在了GroupII而不是聚在GroupI暗示這些品種在傳入中國后可能與其它南方引進(jìn)的結(jié)球甘藍(lán)混雜造成了基因的廣泛交流。但中國東北地區(qū)的地方品種和西北地區(qū)的地方品種混雜在一起不能分開。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中在結(jié)球甘藍(lán)內(nèi)部平均遺傳距離（）遠(yuǎn)小于結(jié)球甘藍(lán)和作為參照系的另一個(gè)甘藍(lán)類變種之間的遺傳距離（）也給上述結(jié)論提供了充足的證據(jù)。文獻(xiàn)1：Twelve primer binations were used for the AFLP fingerprints, and 251 polymorphism bands obtained in this study. The polymorphism rate was relatively low (%) paring to the results from between cabbage subspecies of Brassica oleracea, which reflected that the head cabbage landraces are very similar in genotypes and have a relatively low diversity level among the genotypes analyzed. PIC has been used in marker parison studies concerning the analysis of level of our work, Relatively lower PIC values ( the average was ) also suggest that B. oleracea L. captatal cultivars represents a genetically low diverse population. The pairwise genetic diversity analysis which showed the much lower genetic distance () within cabbage landraces than that between cabbage and outgroup subspecies() strongly support the above conclusion as well.The UPGMA dendrogram tree of all accessions showed that Group I in present study is a distinct group of old latematuring landraces. Most of the landraces from North of China , Russia and Ukraine fall into this group, but the landraces from Northeast and Northwest of China were mingled. This result suggest that landraces from North of China have relatively relationship to that from their East Europe neighbor countries. The misalignment of other Northeast or Northwest geographical originated latematuring landraces showed a significant implication that these landraces was probably minglecrossed and evolved after head cabbage being introduce into different part of China. The fairly high gene flow(Nm=) in population analysis (Table 4)also strongly support this implication. Another important observation of this study was the clustering together of the morphologically contrasting genotypes of landraces from south of China in group II. Unlike the old latematuring landraces in group I, The morphotypes of the south of china originated landraces in group II are varing from poin