【正文】 安全的連接到上面，接地電阻應(yīng)減少到足夠程度，以保證不會(huì)因高壓與地之間以及設(shè)備與地之間的故障在地表面產(chǎn)生太大的電位梯度，而形成對(duì)安全的威脅，好的避雷也是必要的為戶外變電站，為了消除閃電對(duì)設(shè)備的影響，避雷提供接地線延伸到變電站。交流操作電源比整流電源更加簡(jiǎn)單，不需設(shè)置直流回路，可以采用直接動(dòng)作式繼電器，工作可靠。并聯(lián)電容器:為補(bǔ)償負(fù)載電流感應(yīng)成分電流互感器和電壓互感器:測(cè)量電流和電壓，提供低壓電流和電壓為控制和保護(hù)控制和保護(hù):包括大量的繼電器能夠快速的檢查到變電站任何設(shè)備和導(dǎo)線的問題，發(fā)出恰當(dāng)?shù)拿顬閿嗦菲鳒?zhǔn)確地動(dòng)作。建筑物組成的主要的列舉在下面:變壓器:包括電磁鐵，繞組它改變電壓從一端到另外一端，可以有多個(gè)不同的電壓等級(jí)，變電站的變壓器的容量范圍一般是50KV、到幾百M(fèi)KA，大多書變壓器是絕緣的，采用油冷卻的方式，足夠的警告必須有，為的是防止火災(zāi)，包括遠(yuǎn)離切也設(shè)備，仿火墻，火隔離方式。好的電壓意味著平均電壓水平是準(zhǔn)確的，波動(dòng)范圍沒有超過允許的范圍，突然出現(xiàn)的閃變電壓不會(huì)導(dǎo)致事故，設(shè)備電壓的改變是隨著電力系統(tǒng)的電壓改變而改變的，小于5%的電壓變化是可以接受的，為了達(dá)到這個(gè)目的，配電系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)了在額定電壓上下的最小電壓和沖擊電壓，通過合適導(dǎo)線尺寸就可完成，電容器的應(yīng)用，開關(guān)，電壓調(diào)整器，用很多辦法多可以達(dá)到電力裝置的工作可靠，例如，可將電力裝置分成為幾個(gè)部分，正常時(shí)并聯(lián)工作，當(dāng)電力裝置的一部分發(fā)生故障時(shí)，它就自動(dòng)的被切斷，而電力裝置的其它部分仍保持工作，為了使裝置可靠，接線圖應(yīng)該力求簡(jiǎn)單清晰，電器裝置是電力裝置的最薄弱部分，所以不應(yīng)該不適當(dāng)?shù)脑黾与娖鞯臄?shù)目，以免引起事故。一些高電壓動(dòng)力需要3kV到6kV工廠變電站是終端降壓變電站，一般是110kV及以下的地方電網(wǎng)，電源絕大多數(shù)由國家電網(wǎng)供電，決定工廠供電質(zhì)量的指標(biāo)為電壓，頻率，可靠性。表示電氣設(shè)備的元件與其相互關(guān)系的連接順序的圖稱為接線圖，分2類，二次接線圖和主接線圖，一般來說，主接線圖只表示電氣裝置的相連接，因?yàn)槿嘟涣麟娏ρb置中的所有三相連接方法相同，所接的電氣設(shè)備也一樣，稱為單線圖，圖中的主要元件包括發(fā)電機(jī)，變壓器，交流器，斷路器，隔離開關(guān)等，以及相互的連接。三相交流系統(tǒng)實(shí)踐上應(yīng)用非常廣泛，盡管還有一小部分直流電還在使用，三相電傳輸和分支要用到三根導(dǎo)線大多數(shù)低壓配電系統(tǒng)由三相導(dǎo)線與一跟共有的或者中勝線組成，構(gòu)成了四根線，單相分支有2根線組成，從三相主電路中獲得，用于單相用電設(shè)備，廣泛存在于居民生活區(qū)，各大商場(chǎng)，農(nóng)村負(fù)荷與公共供電線路相關(guān)。三大用電戶是工廠，住宅，農(nóng)村，工廠供電系統(tǒng)是電力系統(tǒng)的主要組成部分，它是電能的主要用戶，根據(jù)發(fā)達(dá)國家的統(tǒng)計(jì)，工廠用電量占全國發(fā)電量的50%甚至70%以上，絕大多數(shù)的工廠由國家電力系統(tǒng)供電。 and all equipment groundings points ,tanks, support structures, fences ,shielding wires and poles ,and so forth ,are securely connected to it，the is reduced to be low enough that a fault from high voltage to ground does not create such high potential gradients on the ground, and from the structures to ground ,to present a safe hazard. Good overhead shielding is also essential for outdoor substations, soaps to eliminate the possibility of lighting directly striking the equipment. Shielding is provided by overhead ground wires stretched across the substation or tall grounded poles. 供電技術(shù)供電系統(tǒng)是電力系統(tǒng)的一部分，它提供電能給消費(fèi)者。 and (f) auxiliary power supplies.Many of the control and protection devices are solidstate electronic types, and there is a trend toward digital techniques using microprocessors. Most of the substations are fully automated locally with a provision for manual override .the minimum manual interface required, alone munications channels to the dispatcher in the central office.Good substation grounding is very important for effective relaying and insulation of equipment。( c) faultrecording equipment 。A to large size of several hundred MV﹒A most of transformers are insulated and cooled by oil, and adequate precautions have to be taken for fire hazard, These precautions include adequate distances from other equipment, firewalls fire extinguishing means, and pits and drains for containing leaked oilCircuit breakers，Circuit breakers are required for circuit interruption with the capability of interrupting the highest fault current, usually 2050times over the normal current, and withstanding high voltage surges that appear after interruption. Switches with normal loadinterruption capability are called load break switches.Disconnect witches. Disconnect witches have isolation and connection capability without interruption capability.Busbars Bus bars arc connecting bars or conductors between equipment. Flexible conductor are stretched from insulator to insulator, where more mon solid buses (monly made of aluminum alloy) are installed on insulators in the air or in gas enclosed cylindrical pipesShunt reactors Shunt reactors are often required for pensation of line capacitance whereLong lines are involvedShunt capacitors Shunt capacitors are often required for pensation of inductive ponents of load currentCurrent transformers and potential transformers，Current transformers and potential transformers are for measuring currents and voltages and provide proportionately lowlevel currents and voltages for control and protectionControl and protection，Control and protection include a) a variety of protective relays which can rapidly detect faults anywhere in the substation equipment and lines, determine which part of the systems is faulty ,and give appropriate mands for opening of circuit breakers 。Westinghouse Electric Corporation,1982.附 錄附錄A 參考外文Power Supplying Technology and Intelligent BuildingThe electric distribution system is a part of an electric power system that supplies electric energy to the individual user or consumer .The distribution substations that supply them, the distribution transformers, and appropriate protective and control devices the three general classes of individual user are industrial, residential, and ruralThe threephase alternatingcurrent (ac) system is practically universal, although a small amount of directcurrent systems are in operation .Threephase transformer and sub transmission lines require three wires, learned phase conductors. Most of the lowvoltage three phase distribution systems consist of three phase conductions and a mon or neutral conductor ,making a total of four wires .singlephase branches (consisting of two wires)supplied from the threephase mains are used for single phase utilization in residences, small stores ,and farms, loads are connected in parallel to mon supply circuits.The distribution substation is an assemblage of equipment for purpose of switching, changing and regulating the voltage from sub transmission to primary distribution .More important substations are designed so that the failure of a piece of equipment in the substation or one of the sub transmission lines to the substation will not cause an interruption of power to the loadThe primary system leaving the substation is most frequently in the 635kV range. A particular voltage used is Ilk linetoline and fine to neutral (conventionally written 10/).some utilities use a lower voltage, such as 3/ use of voltage in the 35kV class is increasing for its lower electric loss.Secondary voltages are derived from distribution transformers connected to the primary system and they usually correspond to utilization voltages .Most loads are supplied b