【正文】 Do you know the man who is standing against the door? c. 下列幾種情況只能用 that 引導(dǎo)賓語從句:*先行詞是不定代詞 all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等 如: All that we have to do is to practise more. There is nothing that I can do for you.*先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí) 如: The first letter that I got from him is kept well.*先行詞被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修飾時(shí) 如: I have eaten up all the food that you gave me. d. 由when, where, why 引導(dǎo)的定語從句 I don’t know the reason why he was late. This is the place where I have lived for five years. I’ll never forget the day when I met Mr. Li for the first time.先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),如果從句的動(dòng)詞是及物的，就用that (which)；如果動(dòng)詞不及物,就用where引導(dǎo)。通常形式如下： 名詞(人) + who / whom / that + 句子 名詞(物) + which / that + 句子a. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí),必須用 which 指物, 不用 that。注意下列幾個(gè)詞的區(qū)別：when: *當(dāng)……的時(shí)候 指一點(diǎn)時(shí)間,表示短暫性動(dòng)作 *指一段時(shí)間,表示持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作*什么時(shí)候 引導(dǎo)賓語從句 while:*表示持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài) *具有對(duì)比的含義, 意為 “然而”as: 表示從句的動(dòng)作與主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,一般與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用. “一邊…一邊…” 隨著..As we walked, we talked. As time went by, we knew each other better and better.b. 原因狀語從句 because(因?yàn)?, since(既然), as (由于), for(因?yàn)?c. 條件狀語從句if(如果) ，unless(除非 在條件狀語從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。1）賓語從句 掌握以下內(nèi)容：* 引導(dǎo)賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞； * 掌握賓語從句的語序；*掌握賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)一致2）狀語從句a. 時(shí)間狀語從句的連詞有：when, while, before, after, until (till), since, as soon as等。2. 并列句：常由or, but, and, so，for等詞將兩個(gè)簡單句連接，表示轉(zhuǎn)折，遞進(jìn)等關(guān)系。可以轉(zhuǎn)換成：主語 + 直接賓語 + for 或 to ＋　間接賓語。3） S + V + P. 主語 + 連系動(dòng)詞 + 表語。根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，又可分為五種：1） S + V. 主語 + 不及物動(dòng)詞。 The pair of glasses fits you well （九）句子 根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。4） The + 形容詞 / 過去分詞 + 動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。 Everyone except the twins has been to the Great Wall. Lily with her friends is going to the zoo tomorrow.3） 下列一些不定代詞做主語，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 His family has moved into a new house. His family were having supper then.主語是數(shù)目、時(shí)間、金錢、距離時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。a. 意義相同或相近的有：begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, planb. 意思不同的有：forget, remember, stop, see, hear, go on 4）注意： had better (not) do sth, would rather (not) do sth5）動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式直接在不定式前面加to. （八）主謂一致1. 就近原則：either……or…… neither……nor…… not only…….but also…… There / Here be +并列主語。如：I was the first to e. I have no pens to write with. (動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)*做賓語：常見的動(dòng)詞有：want, agree, choose, try, decide, hope, wish, learn, fail, would like to do sth.*做賓語補(bǔ)足語：a. 必須使用 to的動(dòng)詞有： ask, tell, order, take, invite, want, wish, follow, wait for, teach, would like, allow sb. to do sthb. 不能使用to的動(dòng)詞有： have, make, let。 of: good, bad, polite, kind, nice, clever, right, careful等 for: important, necessary, difficult, possible, dangerous等*做表語：常用在等連系動(dòng)詞后面，若主語很長而表語很短，可以將兩者顛倒過來。還能擁有自己的賓語和狀語，構(gòu)成不定式短語。 如：Great changes have taken place in our school. The water can last three days. Silk feels soft and smooth. The cake looks nice. An accident happened to him.5. 動(dòng)詞不定式：由to + 動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，有時(shí)to可以省略。２）基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be + 過去分詞 掌握下列一些常見結(jié)構(gòu)：a. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)：am / is / are ＋過去分詞　　b. 一般過去時(shí)：was / were＋過去分詞c. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have / has been＋過去分詞　　　　　　d. 一般將來時(shí)：will be 過去分詞或者be going to be ＋過去分詞3）含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + 過去分詞4）動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：to + be + 過去分詞 如：There are twenty more trees to be planted.5）下列動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 3. 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞原形（第三人稱單數(shù)）一般過去時(shí)動(dòng)詞的過去式現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am / is / are＋動(dòng)詞的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was / were＋動(dòng)詞的一般將來時(shí)1. will ＋動(dòng)詞原形2. am/ is / are going to＋動(dòng)詞原形過去將來時(shí)1. would＋動(dòng)詞原形2. was / were going to＋動(dòng)詞原形現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have / has ＋過去分詞過去完成時(shí)had＋過去分詞注意：＊ 各種時(shí)態(tài)的用法省略＊ go, e, arrive, leave, move, die等動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)可以表示對(duì)應(yīng)的將來時(shí)態(tài)。４） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：本身有一定的詞義，單不能單獨(dú)做謂語，后面必須跟其它動(dòng)詞的原形，表示說話人的語氣和態(tài)度；常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有： can (could), may(might), must, need等。常見的連系動(dòng)詞有：be, feel, bee, look, smell, seem, taste, sound, keep其它一些可以和形容詞連用的動(dòng)詞也屬于連系動(dòng)詞：fall ill / asleep, grow worse, turn red, get lost, keep healthy等３） 助動(dòng)詞：本身沒有詞義，不能單獨(dú)作句子的謂語，只能與主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語．主要幫助句子構(gòu)成否定、疑問以及動(dòng)詞的不同時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)等語法特征。（sing用作及物動(dòng)詞。（sing在此用作不及物動(dòng)詞。同一動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可用作及物動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。 after 多用于過去時(shí)4）since + 過去的一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn) (表示時(shí)間段, 從……開始到現(xiàn)在) for + 一段時(shí)間 2. 表示場所、方向的介詞：1）at 表示比較具體的地點(diǎn) at 37 Renming Road in 表示比較寬敞的地點(diǎn) in Renming Street2）above斜上方below斜下方 over正上方under正下方 on 兩物體有接觸3）between…and..在……和……之間 among在……中間(三者以上)4）across (從物體表面)跨越, 越過 through (從物體中間)穿透, 穿越5）in 在……里面(表示靜止的位置) into 進(jìn)入,表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向,常用在表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞之后, 如 go, e, walk, jump, run 等 into的反義詞是out of6）to 到 (目底地)或方向 towards 指朝著某方向,而不是目的地. He walked towards the beach.3. 其它介詞1）with a. 在一起 b. 有 c. 用某種工具2）in 用什么材料或語言，或表示衣著，聲調(diào)特點(diǎn)等 by 用手段3）like 象一樣　　 as 作為；按照，象一樣（連詞）＋句子4）for a. 為了（表示目的或原因）　 b. （后面加一段時(shí)間）表示時(shí)間段（七