【正文】 第四篇 Motoring Techonlogy million road deaths worldwide occur each year,plus a further 50 million reduce car crash rate,much research now is focused on safety and new fuelsthough some electric vehicle and biofuel research aims at going faster. Travelling at speed has always been advanced area of research in motoring safety is the use of digital incar can ensure you don’ t miss important road signs or fall crashes result from human and not mechanical faults. Some safety developments aim to improve your can spot obstacles in fog,while other technology“ sees through” big vehicles blocking your view. And improvements to seat belts,pedal(腳踏 )controls and tyres are making driving smoother and colour of a car has been found to be linked with safety,as have,less surprisingly,size and shape. But whatever is in the fuel tank,you don’t want a thief in the driving seat and there have been many innovations(創(chuàng)新 ).Satellite tracking and remote munications can also e into play if you crash,automatically calling for help. Accidents cause many traffic jams,but there are more subtle interplays between vehicles that can cause jams even on a clear but busy jams can be analyzed using statistical drivers could be programmed to make traffic flow smoothly and will perhaps one day be everyons’ s personal chauffeur(司機(jī) ),but their latest efforts suggest that won’ t be soon. 練習(xí)： reduce car crash rate,many scientists are working hard to fully automatic cars. faster electric vehicles. road deaths occurring worldwide each year. the safety of cars and develop new fuels. to the second paragraph,most road accidents happen due to traffic. mistakes. f?！?Jennifer Schwarts說(shuō)，她是這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的教育顧問(wèn)。參與這一項(xiàng)目 的人們一一這一計(jì)劃對(duì)所有人開(kāi)放 —— 把他們的觀察記錄登錄在花季追蹤計(jì)劃網(wǎng)站上。 其中一個(gè)小組的首要嘗試就是依靠科學(xué)家和非科學(xué)家來(lái)收集關(guān)于每年植物開(kāi)花和長(zhǎng)葉子的數(shù)據(jù)。 一群科學(xué)家和教育家在去年發(fā)起了一個(gè)叫做紐約國(guó)家物候?qū)W的組織。就像公民記者幫助報(bào)道傳統(tǒng)新聞報(bào)道方式所忽略的小型社區(qū)的相關(guān)信息一樣，公351 mess microscopic M 民科學(xué)家也對(duì)他們所居住的環(huán)境很熟悉。公民科學(xué)家運(yùn)動(dòng)鼓勵(lì)普通人根據(jù)自己的興趣來(lái)觀察某一個(gè)特定的方面 —— 鳥(niǎo)兒、樹(shù)木、花卉等等一一并把他們的觀察結(jié)果發(fā)送到一個(gè)巨大的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)來(lái)供專(zhuān)業(yè)科學(xué)家研究。因?yàn)樵谑澜缟嫌腥绱硕嗟牡胤?，沒(méi)有足夠的科學(xué)家來(lái)觀察它們。但是生態(tài)學(xué)家不可能去到世界的各個(gè)角落，所以他們向非科學(xué)家求助，這些非科學(xué)家有時(shí)也被稱(chēng)作公民科學(xué)家。因此， D 才是正確答案。 B， C，D 所述內(nèi)容都在該段中提到。這個(gè)句子的意思是，只要每天或每星期花上幾分鐘收集數(shù)據(jù)并發(fā)送出去，就能成為一個(gè)公民科學(xué)家。 3. B one 在這里是一個(gè)代詞，其前置詞是citizen scientists ，而不是 citizen journalists，這里 的 one 指的是 one of citizen scientists。這個(gè)句子的大意是：這一運(yùn)動(dòng)鼓勵(lì)普通公民根據(jù)自己的興趣愛(ài)好進(jìn)行科學(xué)觀察，并將觀察結(jié)果送交數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，讓專(zhuān)門(mén)領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家做進(jìn)一步的觀察。所以 D 不是正確選擇。所以 C 是正確選擇。 練習(xí)： 1. Ecologists turn to nonscientist citizens for help because they need them A) to provide their personal life cycles. 350 mess microscopic M B) to observe the life cycle of plants. C) to collect data of the life cycle of living things. D) to teach children knowledge about climate change. 2. What are citizen scientists asked to do? A) To develop a specific research interest and bee professional scientists. B) To send their research observations to a professional database. C) To increase their knowledge about climate change. D) To keep a record of their research observations. 3. In All that39。 4. phenology：物候?qū)W或生物氣候?qū)W，是氣候?qū)W和生態(tài)學(xué)的邊緣學(xué)科，主要研究氣候環(huán)境對(duì)生物的影響。另參見(jiàn)最后一段“ As we collect this data, ...”。這是網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代產(chǎn)生的又一新生事物。Hyperlocal beat 即 hyperlocal news，指的是被傳統(tǒng)新聞報(bào)道方式所忽略的小型社區(qū)或居民居住區(qū)里發(fā)生的相關(guān)信息報(bào)道。商業(yè)專(zhuān)題報(bào)道。專(zhuān)業(yè)人員 注釋?zhuān)? 1. life cycle：生命周期，即生物發(fā)展過(guò)程的系列變化?；ɡ? Neighbor(u)rhood 。s in their neighborhood, says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. As we collect this data, we39。s first efforts relies on scientists and nonscientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle data on a variety of mon plants from across the United States. People participating in the project which is open to everyone record their observations on the Project BudBurst website. People don39。re asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyperlocal beat2, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All that39。t be everywhere so they39?？茖W(xué)家還指出，世界石油儲(chǔ)量正在以 %的速度逐年減少，他們認(rèn)為新模型會(huì)幫助做出與能源相關(guān)的決定，幫助進(jìn)行國(guó)家政策辯論?？茖W(xué)家使用新模型評(píng)估了 47個(gè)主要產(chǎn)油國(guó)家的349 mess microscopic M 石油生產(chǎn)趨勢(shì)，這 47 個(gè)國(guó)家是世界常規(guī)原油的主要提供者?？茖W(xué)家稱(chēng)，這些生產(chǎn)周期受到技術(shù)變化、政策和其他因素的很大影響。這一模型從此受到歡迎，已經(jīng)用于預(yù)測(cè)世界石油生產(chǎn)。這一術(shù)語(yǔ)指的是世界石油產(chǎn)量達(dá)到峰值的那一刻，之后將呈現(xiàn)無(wú)法逆轉(zhuǎn)的下降趨勢(shì)。其中最著名的預(yù)測(cè)模型之一是赫伯特模型?！笆头逯怠敝傅氖鞘彤a(chǎn)量達(dá)到最大值后開(kāi)始下降的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。這一預(yù)測(cè)比其他預(yù)測(cè)提前了將近十年，已經(jīng)發(fā)表在美國(guó)化學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)《能量與燃料》雜志上。 。最后一段告訴我們，科學(xué)家使用新的模型評(píng)估了 47個(gè)主要的產(chǎn)油國(guó)家的石油生產(chǎn)趨勢(shì)，并預(yù)計(jì)全球常規(guī)原油生產(chǎn)到 2020年將達(dá)最高峰值。所以， A、B和 C都是對(duì) Hubbert 模型的正確說(shuō)明。第四段說(shuō)，這一模型對(duì)于某些國(guó)家更加復(fù)雜的石油生產(chǎn)周期而言，其計(jì)算尚不充分。 文章的第三段告訴我們， Hubbert 預(yù)測(cè)模型精確地預(yù)測(cè)到美國(guó)石油生產(chǎn)于 1970年將達(dá)到峰值。 練習(xí)： 1． Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word sparked appearing in paragraph 2? A flashed B stimulated C changed D ended 2． The term “ a bell shaped curve” appearing 348 mess microscopic M in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production will A take the shape of a flat curve B keep growing C keep declining D start to decline after global oil production peaks 3． Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model? A It successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the U. S. in 1970. B It has been used to predict oil production in many countries. C It is insufficient to explain oil production cycles in some countries. D It provides a very realistic and accurate oil production.