【正文】 “通過(guò)收集數(shù)據(jù)，我們就能夠估算出氣候變化對(duì)植物和生物群落會(huì)有怎樣的影響。這一項(xiàng)目叫做花季追蹤計(jì)劃，它收集遍布美國(guó)的各種各樣的植物生長(zhǎng)周期的數(shù)據(jù)。所需要的就是每天或每周留出兒分鐘來(lái)搜集數(shù)據(jù)并發(fā)送過(guò)來(lái)。所以他們請(qǐng)求你來(lái)幫助觀(guān)察全世界氣候變化的跡象。 譯文：公 民科學(xué)家 理解大自然對(duì)氣候變化有怎樣的反應(yīng)需要監(jiān)視世界各個(gè)角落的關(guān)鍵生命周期事件 —— 花開(kāi)、葉子的出現(xiàn)、第一只青蛙叫出春天的到來(lái)。 4. A 文章最后一段說(shuō)，這個(gè)計(jì)劃向所有人開(kāi)放 (open to everyone)，所以應(yīng)選擇 A。 B 正確表達(dá)了這個(gè)意思。 2. B 第二段第三句中 encourage ordinary people to observe?的主語(yǔ)是 The citizen scientist movement，即公民參與科學(xué)觀(guān)察的運(yùn)動(dòng)。 5. munities：生態(tài)學(xué)詞匯：生物群落，記載比較相似的環(huán)境條件下在特定自然區(qū)域或環(huán)境中生活和互相影響的一群植物和動(dòng)物。 3. data 是復(fù)數(shù)形式，但常用做單數(shù)，所以這里的代詞是 it。 這是近 年來(lái)出 現(xiàn)的新詞 。鄰近地區(qū) Database Professional ，職業(yè)的 。t have to be plant experts they just have to look around and see what39。re turning to nonscientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help. Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, they39?？茖W(xué)家預(yù)計(jì)全球常規(guī)原油產(chǎn)量將于 2020 年達(dá)到峰值，比之前預(yù)計(jì)的要早很多年。 但是，最近研究表明，這一模型不足以解釋某些國(guó)家更加復(fù)雜的石油生產(chǎn)周期。赫伯特模型認(rèn)為世界石油產(chǎn)量呈鐘形曲線(xiàn)，與此相關(guān)的概念是“石油峰值”。 伊布赫姆 ?納夏威和同事們指出，全球石油消耗的快速增長(zhǎng)使人們對(duì)“石油峰值”預(yù)測(cè)的興趣越來(lái)越濃。所以， A 是答案。這些生產(chǎn)周期受到技術(shù)的改變、政策和其他因素的很大影響。 此句接下來(lái)的句子中所提到的 a related concept 即是與 a bell shaped curve 相關(guān)的概念，也就是說(shuō)，接下來(lái)的這個(gè)句子 對(duì) a bell shaped curve 做了解釋?zhuān)词澜缡蜕a(chǎn)達(dá)到最大峰值后將下降。 bell shaped curve：鐘形曲線(xiàn) of peak oil： that 指代 concept。多年來(lái)， ACS 一直致力于為全球化學(xué)研究機(jī)構(gòu)、企業(yè)及個(gè)人提供高品質(zhì)的文獻(xiàn)資訊及服務(wù)。激發(fā) ?！币虼藡故斓夭东@白蟻意味著雌性比雄性吃得更好，“并且可以同時(shí)看護(hù)后代。 “男孩們”不向母親學(xué)習(xí)，卻花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間在蟻丘周?chē)覒颉！? 黑猩猩用植物制造靈巧的工具，將它們插入蟻丘把白蟻驅(qū)趕出來(lái)，再津津有味地享用粘在工具上的白蟻。 美國(guó)芝加哥林肯公司動(dòng)物園的 Elizabeth Lonsdorf 和她在圣保羅市明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)的同事們用了 4年時(shí)間觀(guān)察坦桑尼亞 Gombe 自然公園的年輕黑猩猩學(xué)習(xí)它們的“文化行為”。 B、 C 和 D 的內(nèi)容均可在該段中找到。 D 是正確答案。 3. C 該段告訴我們，對(duì)六只小猩猩的分析表明，雌性小猩狠不但較早學(xué)會(huì)捕食白蟻 .而且能比雄性小猩猩更為熟練地捕食到更多的白蟻。 第十篇 Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers Young female chimps are faster and better learners than young male chimps, suggests a new study, echoing learning differences seen in human girls and boys. While young male chimps pass their time playing. Young female chimps carefully study their mothers. As a result, they learn how to fish for tasty termite snacks over two years before the boys. Elizabeth Lonsdorf, now at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, US, and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul spent four years watching how young chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park in Tanzania learned “ cultural behavior” . The sex differences in learning behavior were “ consistent and strikingly apparent” , says the team. The researchers point out that similar differences are seen in human children with regard to skills such as writing. “ A sexbased learning differences may therefore date back at least to the last mon ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.” they write in the journal Nature. Chimps make flexible tools from vegetation and then insert them into termite mounds, extract them and then munch the termites clinging onto the tool. The researchers used video cameras to record this feeding behavior and found that each chimp mother had her own technique, such as how she used tools of different lengths. Analysis of the six infants whose ages were known showed that girl chimps were an average of 31 months old when they succeeded in fishing out their termites, where the boy chimps were aged 58 months on average. Females were also more skillful at getting out more termites with every dip and used techniques similar to their mothers while males did not. Instead of studying their mothers, the boy chimps spent a significantly greater amount of time frolicking around the termite mound. Behaviors such as playing or swinging might help the male infants later in life when typically male activities like hunting or fighting for dominance bee important, suggest the researchers. Lonsdorf adds that there just two main sources of animal protein for chimps — the termites or colobus monkeys. “ Mature males often hunt monkeys up trees, but females are almost always either pregnant or burdened with a clinging infant. This makes hunting difficult,” she says .“ Adult females spend more time fishing for termites than males.” So being proficient at termite fishing could mean adult females eat better, “ They can watch their offspring at the same time. The young of both sexes seen to pursue activities related to their adult sex roles{10} at a very young age.” 練習(xí) : 1. Why do young female chimps learn faster than young male chimps at fishing for termites? A Because young female chimps don’ t play with their brothers. B Because young female chimps begin to study their mothers earlier. C Because young male chimps never learn to fish for termites. D Because young male chimps are not interested in termites. 2. What are the tools with which chimps fish for termites? A Tree branches. B Vegetation. C Fruits. D Grass. 3. Which of the Following is true about chimps fishing for termites according to paragraph 6? A Males often pete with females in fishing for termites. B Males could get out more termites with every dip. 346 mess microscopic M C Females could get out more termites with every dip. D Males are good at mastering technique for fishing for termites. 4. How did the researchers explain the fact that boy chimps spent more time on playing? A They like hunting. B They enjoy fighting. C It helps them to stay fit. D It will make them good fighters and hunters in the future. 5. According to the last paragrnph, which of the following is NOT true? A Adult chimps hunt monkeys while young chimps fish for termites. B The main source of animal protein for ma le chimps is colobus monkeys. C The main source of animal protein for female chimps is termites. D Female chimps fish for termites while watching their children. 答案與題解 : 1. B 根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容，雄性小猩猩將時(shí)間用來(lái)玩要，而雌性小猩猩則研