【正文】 France was predominant on land, Britain at sea. The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the 　ports of Europe to British ships. Accordingly, France set out to overeBritain by extending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, fromJutland to Caldaria. All of this entailed tremendous risk, because Francedid not have the military resources to control this much territory and stillprotect itself and maintain order at home.French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide theforce necessary to defeat the British navy. Such a force would give France a threetotwo advantage over Britain. This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology because of Britain ’s superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces. Napoleon never lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe. As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack.17 Evolution of sleepSleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.　There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the lifestyle of the animal, and that predators are statisticallymuch more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep. In dream sleep, the animal is powerfullyimmobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli. Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among pray today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection,and it makes sens。 not only is the cash prize itself considerable,but it also dramatically increases sales of an author’s books.16. the war between Britain and FranceIn the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner ofEurope, as well as in the Middle East, South Africa, the West Indies, andLatin America. In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France. All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist’ goals and strategies. France sought total domination of Europe. This goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain’s efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon。 third, association among the subgroups and the majority population. Finally, it is worth noting that the terms standard colloquial andslang exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Onlya tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they areusing colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, duringappropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.11 ArchaeologyArchaeology is a source of history, not just a bumble auxiliary discipline.Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mereillustrations to written texts, Just as much as any other historian, an　archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changes in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The sum total of these constitutes what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records.Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear asvibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world andmay be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace inthe archaeological records unless they are captured by a Dictaphone orwritten down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield maychange the course of history, but this is equally ephemeral from thearchaeologist’s standpoint. What are perhaps worse, most organic materials are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduce to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and parative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peatbogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap.　12 MuseumsFrom Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs. These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the nottoodistant future.In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so. The reasons for this confluence of activity are plex, but one factor is a consideration everywhere space. With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has bee a very precious modity. Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years ago. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has bee increasingly cautious in considering 　acquisit