【正文】 ?。 此時城市中產(chǎn)階級的出現(xiàn)進一步加強了第一 波大規(guī)模郊區(qū)化。 當 1888 年第一條商業(yè)上成功的電氣化鐵軌被制造出來時，壓力開始接近危機的程度。 今天很多美國的大城市其實就是靠吞并它們附近的邊緣地區(qū)而 變成大都會的。作為對這種侵蝕的自衛(wèi)，也為了擴大它們收稅的地域范圍，城市吞并 了工業(yè)化的臨近地帶，比如 1854 年費城的城區(qū)就兼并了費縣的絕大部分地區(qū)。 但是建于 18 世紀三四十年 代的早期工廠位于城邊的航道和鐵路附近，被工作機會吸引到這里的成千上萬的人們需要住 房。 在這之前，城市只是高度密 集的小聚居群。s and 184039。 四處被驅逐的 英國官員都被本土的統(tǒng)治階級所替代，這個統(tǒng)治階級迅速地以地方權力機關來替代國王和議 會。即使政治上的顛覆也不如人們可能想象的那樣具有革命性。 另一個國家是澳 大利 亞，因為美國不再是容納罪犯和欠債者的國度了，澳大利亞就變成了一個懲治罪犯的殖民地 (注：獨立戰(zhàn)爭前，英國政府將罪犯流放到美國 )。美國 獨立戰(zhàn)爭宣布了三個現(xiàn)代國家的誕生，其中一個是加拿大。 多數(shù)人并沒有受到實際戰(zhàn)斗的嚴重影響。 這 次革命并不是對政治和社會框架的一次突然和猛烈的顛覆，象后來在已經(jīng)是獨立國家的法國 和俄國所爆發(fā)的革命那樣。 08 American Revolution The American Revolution was not a revolution in the sense of a radical or total change. It was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated munities scarcely knew that a war was on. America39。安德魯 ?卡內基的慷慨大度幾乎影響到每個美國人的生活。 這些貢獻包括匹茲堡卡 內基學校。 卡內基經(jīng)常說： 富有著 死去的人死得可恥?？▋然J為個 人應該通過努力工作來獲得進展，但他也強烈地感到有錢人應該運用他們的財富來為 社會謀 取福利。 他的成功，部分來自于他銷售產(chǎn)品的能力，部分來 自于經(jīng)濟蕭條時期的擴充策略。s generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small munities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today. 安德魯 卡內基 被稱作鋼鐵大王的安德魯 卡內基在美國建立了鋼鐵工業(yè)。 我們漸漸把顯像 管看作是娛樂的來源，讓自己成為這個生動的媒介的被動觀眾。 在那些年頭中，電視絕大部分一直由 ABC、 NBC、 CBS 這 些廣播 電視公司控制著，這些廣播電視公司一直是新聞、信息和娛樂的主要提供者。電視早已成為大眾媒介。電視這 個領域可以根據(jù)其發(fā)射方式分為兩類。但是，電視不僅僅是一個電子系統(tǒng)，它還 是一種表達工具和傳播渠道。 簡單說來，電視是以這種方式工作的，通過一個復雜的電子系統(tǒng)，電視能夠將一幅 圖像 (這幅圖像被聚焦在一部攝像機內的一塊特殊的光導底片上 )轉換成能經(jīng)過導線或電纜 發(fā)送出去的電子脈沖信號。 這可以稱得上是又一次電子革命，其關鍵在于電視技術與計算機技術的結合。 06 Television Television the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and puter word television, derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (visio: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for munication, and as such bees a powerful tool for reaching other human field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broadbased airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission , television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirtyseven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast works, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have e to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer. 電視 電視 以快速變化與發(fā)展為標志的最普遍、最具有影響力的一項現(xiàn)代技術，正在步 入一個極端復雜化與多樣化的新時代。 根據(jù)這個觀點，故事 (關于狩獵、戰(zhàn)爭或者 其它偉績 )是逐漸豐富起 來的。 最 后這些戲劇性的表演從宗教活動中分離了出來。 認為戲劇從儀式演化而來的人們還認為那些儀式包含了戲劇的基本因素，因為音樂、舞蹈、 面具和服裝幾乎經(jīng)常被使用，而且，必須為演出提供 一個合適的地點；如果不是整個社區(qū)共 同參加演出，經(jīng)常在 演出區(qū) 和 觀眾席 之間劃分出明顯的分界。 那些似乎帶來了滿意結果的手段就被保留下來并且重復直到這些手段固 化為不變的