【正文】 both lost the ability to write rather early in their career. 3. They are both great writers The differences: 1. Reacted differently to their times: Fitzgerald: he stayed in the United States and wrote about the Jazz Age. We go to him to know what this world was like. (用寫作反對 describe) Hemingway: he didn’t describe it. He went away to Europe and wrote about the expatriates. 2. The different features: Fitzgerald: he tried to understand American culture at its roots Hemingway: he is famous for his style (the simplicity and apparent naturalness of his prose, and its effect of directness, clarity and freshness. 文章簡潔自然效果直接，清新自然 ) Transcendentalism： 1. It was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century 2. There are three major features: 1) The transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 2) The transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. 3) The transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.(Nature was,to them,not purely matter.) 自然是超靈或上帝的象征 Famous authors such as Emerson(MP Nature, The American Scholar),Thoreau( Walden) Realism: came in the latter half of 19th century . literary and intellectual movement that led poets and novelists not to imagine life as it could be, but to examine life as it was actually lived and to record what they saw around them as honestly as they could. 3. there are three elements of Realism: ① realists were concerned with the whole of life not just the surface of it ② Realists produced intensely personal works as well as broad studies of a changing society. ③ they used local color ④ the famous authors are James(Ambassadors), Howells (The rise of Silas Lapham), Mark Twain(The Adventure of Tom Sawyer ) and so on . Naturalism In the last decade of the 19th century, influenced by industrialism, Darin’s theory, literary naturalism came into being. Features of Naturalism: are controlled by law of heredity and environment. And since they are controlled, they lack freedom of their own will. universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires. Life bees a struggle for survival. : Crane: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. Dreiser: Sister Carrie Modernism 1. It emerged in the beginning of the 20th century 2. It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against late 19th century academic and historicist tradition 3. The key elements of Modernism in literature are experimentation, antirealism, individualism and a stress on the cerebral rather than emotive aspects. 4. The work of Modernist writers is characterized by showing the disenchantment, dislocation, and alienation of men in the world in most cases, a reaction to the cataclysm known as the Modern Age. 5. the bestknown Modernists are , Pound, Fitzgerald(The Great Gatsby), Hemingway(The Old Man and the Sea )and so on. Imagism 1. It grew out of the Symbolist Movement in 1912 2.