【正文】 ③narrative method敘述方法:stream of consciousness 意識流William Faulkner John Steinbeck (3) man’s greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure作品主題, or purity of line through the maximum of exposure最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成為一個純粹的人. ①寫作特點：(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simply sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic ，認為報告文學(xué)句子結(jié)構(gòu)要簡單，用語要節(jié)制，想象要簡練，要采用不受感情影響的、戲劇化的語調(diào)。Ernest Hemingway Ash 灰(象征) → forest樹木，西部開發(fā)，樹木變成灰了 ②第二本小說的開展過程：dream夢想 → Daisy selfcentered 理想化的淑女，自我為中心 → disenchantment, disillusion魔法消失，(因階級差異)夢想破滅 → sense of failure and despair (light)失敗和絕望 《了不起的蓋茨比》 novelist 小說家F. Scott Fitzgerald (3)The degree to which fusion and concentration of intellect, feeling, and experience were achieved was Eliot’s criterion for judging the 、情感、體驗的融合與集中程度是愛略特判定詩歌好壞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 (1) concerns various aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of individual character as seen in perspective with the decay of states, peoples, and religious ，正確思索了國家、人民、宗教信仰等的喪失。 ③作品特點： “The Waste Land”《荒原》one of the major works of modern literature. Use a new form — the orchestration of related themes in successive movement. 新的文學(xué)形式即相關(guān)的主題在連續(xù)運動中構(gòu)成交響效果。 ①多重身份：poet詩人, critic評論家, playwright劇作家 (2)he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional values and sought to e to terms with the confusions of his time. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later 。 “Anecdote of the Jar”《壇子的軼事》jar – man made – art, wildness – nature, jar bring order/meaning to the nature, 藝術(shù)到自然的秩序， integrated 統(tǒng)一體 “Necessary Angel”《必要的天使》，collection of his occasional lectures on poetry詩歌的評論. ②代表作：“The Man with the Blue Guitar”《帶藍吉他的人》； ①His work is primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order,” that is ,true ideas, correspond with an innate order in nature and universe, and that it is the high privilege of individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence. 作品動機起源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然與宇宙天然一致的次序，是人類與個體發(fā)現(xiàn)這種一致性的特權(quán)。Wallace Stevens ②he bee a national bard美國民族詩人的翹首, win four Pulitzer Prizes獲得了四次普利茲獎. 自然主義詩人 poetRobert Frost ①Imagism 意象派的代表人物。二、代表作家：Ezra Pound “The Sound and the Fury” 《喧囂與騷動》典型的迷惘一代：F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 《了不起的蓋茨比》Lost Generation：迷惘的一代，Writers of the first postwar era selfconsciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.Modernism現(xiàn)代主義：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. ③ old moral code breaks 舊道德體系破碎 ② Jump in technology (automobile / radio) 科技方面的跳躍 （汽車/收音機） ① World War I 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)，America have great profit.century）一、Background:美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)5（the “The Financier”、“The Titan”、“The Stoic”Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲 ①代表作：“Sister Carrie”《嘉莉妹妹》 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.②while embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel.Jack London Last fulllength novel ==“The Wings of the Dove”、“The Ambassadors”、“The Golden Bowl” ⑥代表作：“The American”、“Daisy Miller”、“ in the Portrait of a Lady”(早期最好的作品) ⑤貢獻contribution：in his critical mentaries, he made major contributions to the art of fiction itself, helping to transform the novel from its alliance with journalism and romantic storytelling into an art from of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest from of experience. 詹姆斯把小說從新聞形式和浪漫故事轉(zhuǎn)變成為了對個人在社會大環(huán)境中面對種種沖突，進行深刻剖析的文學(xué)形式；對人們心理感受進行反映的一種文學(xué)形式，他定義這位感受的最高形式。art vs. life, brings the meaning of life。 ③家庭背景：father: philosopher哲學(xué)家,富有；brother: psychologist, philosopher心理學(xué)家,哲學(xué)家； (3)omniscient 全視角是不真實的。 ②特點：(1)deeply into the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of plex human ，用深厚、復(fù)雜的寫作方式對復(fù)雜的個人經(jīng)歷進行揣摩 ①心理現(xiàn)實主義的開創(chuàng)者：the founder of psychological realism. The literary career of him is generally divided into three periods, in the first periods, James took great interest in international theme。 ②代表作：“The Four Million”《四百萬》 小說集 、“The Gift of the Magi”《麥琪的禮物》 單部小說 the end is always surprising結(jié)尾意外。 usually short簡單。 short story 短篇小說 “Life on the Mississippi” “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”用詞簡單、幽默、使用當(dāng)?shù)卣Z言編寫 ③contribution貢獻：colloquial speech accepted as literary medium口語化被文學(xué)界接受 ①美國現(xiàn)實主義文學(xué)的代表作“Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”(馬克最有名的作品)Mark Twain Pay attention to serf39。 代表作：“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”湯姆叔叔的小屋 小說家 only one female prose writer(散文作家) in 19th century ②特點：her poetry in unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines.Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(終極) the same ①作品： “I died for Beauty” 我為美而死（詩歌）Emily Dickinson expressions of the ，引導(dǎo)社會發(fā)展。 ③關(guān)注點：In his poetry, he bined the ideal of democratic mon man and that of the rugged individual the first genuine epic poem. 美國歷史上第一部真正的史詩 ②“Leaves of Grass”草葉集 1870 二、代表作家：Walt Whitman 不加一分，不減一分，百分之百描寫現(xiàn)實。 ②His defined realism: nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of mate