【正文】 used to . be used to “Would do” refers to past actions and habits as well. Remember that “would” is also used in a conditional sense. It’s a good idea not to use “would” in questions and negative sentences, as its meaning can easily be misunderstood in a conditional sense. e. g. We’d spend a lot of money on projects that didn’t help the pany. They would ask a lot of crazy questions that didn’t seem to make any sense.“Used to do” expresses something that we often did in the past, but don’t do anymore. It is often used in the positive form to speak about repeated actions. Generally, we use the form to contrast past habits with present situations. e. g. I used to go jogging three times a week when I lived in Italy. Now, I’m too busy and can only jog once a week.Janice used to live in New York, but moved to Seattle last year.“Be used to (doing) sth.” means someone has experienced something so that it no longer seems surprising, difficult or strange. It is always followed by a noun or gerund. e. g. Sally is used to spending hours in front of the puter every day.They’ve always lived in hot countries so they aren’t used to the cold weather here. would, should, might, couldWould can be used in some forms that are viewed as more formal or polite. It can also be used to express willingness. e. g. Would you get me a glass of water? I told him not to go, but he would not listen.Should is used to indicate that an action is considered by the speaker to be obligatory. It is used to form the future tense of the subjunctive mood, usually in the first person.e. g. You should brush your teeth every day. If I should be late, go without me.Might can be used to express a present time possibility or uncertainty. It can be used in the first person to express that future actions are being considered. It can be used in a question to ask for permission. e. g. John is not in the office today, and he might be sick. I might go to the mall later. Might your phone?Like could and would, might can also be used in polite requests and suggestions. The auxiliaries could, would and might can be used to express differing degrees of politeness. Thus, might expresses the highest degree of politeness.Could is used to express ability. It is also used to express beliefs about situations. Could can be used to make requests. e. g. I could speak English. He couldn’t have left already。 非限定性形式做名詞短語、副詞短語修飾語The nonfinite forms include the –ing clause and the infinitive clause. An –ing participle clause usually refers to an active and/or progressive event, an –ed participle clause refers to an passive and/or experienced event while an infinitive clause suggests an event to be experienced. They can be used as adverbial or as noun phrase modifier.. She looked at us with a smiling face.To determine the number of cells, a sample is put under a microscope.Unit 141） need。 關系從句的形式及語法意義 A relative clause is a clause that is introduced by a relative word — either by a relative pronoun or by a relative determiner, or by a relative adverb. Relative clauses may be restrictive or nonrestrictive. antecedent a) The relative that is normally used as subject plement in an SVC construction or there be construction. In this use, that is usually omitted. . When Mary was born, Dorothy decided her daughter would be the singer (that) she always wanted to be. The is the fastest train (that) there has ever been. b) When the antecedent is an indefinite pronoun such as all, anything, something, or nothing, the following relative clause usually requires a relative that as subject, and that/zero as object. . All that live must die. All (that) I want is peace and quiet. c) When the antecedent is posed of a personal head with determiners as only, all, any, and when the antecedent takes a premodifier in the superlative degree, the following relative clause is normally introduced by that rather than who or which. . Any man that wants to succeed must work hard. Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived.d) A nonrestrictive relative clause is usually introduced by who, whom, whose, which. The antecedent of which may be a clause or part of a cause. . This book, which only appeared a year ago, has already gone through several editions. He tried to stand on his hands for five minutes, which — as you know — is rather a difficult thing to do.2）the present and the future 現(xiàn)在時和將來時的不同形式即語法意義 Future time is expressed by means of model auxiliaries, by semiauxiliaries, or by the simple present and present progressive forms. 1) will/shall +verb. The next train to Shanghai will leave at 8 . We shall know the result next week.2) be going to +verb . He’s going to be a doctor, when he grows up.3) be +ing (present participle): Verbs of movement from one place to another such as go, e, leave, start, arrive, etc. can be used in this structure. . The plane is taking off at .4) be to +(infinitive) . I’m to have tea with Betty this afternoon.5) simple present . I’ll give it to you after I return..Unit 131） the infinitive and the –ing participle as object。 間接引語的表述方法Note:● Backshift of Simple Present is optional if the situation is still unchanged or if you agree with the original speaker.e. g. “Canberra is the capital of Australia.”She said that Canberra is / was the capital of Australia.● Advisory expressions with must, should and ought are usually reported using advise 被動語態(tài)If the agent is important (the person, pany or thing that does the action) , use “by”. If it is not definite and does not carry any essential information, it can be omitted. ※Only verbs that take an object can be used in the passive voice. e. g. Houses are built.My bike was stolen.2）subordination 引導狀語從句的連詞的用法和語法意義Subordination (abbreviated variously subord, sbrd, subr