【正文】 現(xiàn)在分詞和不定式作為賓語的用法a) Verbs that are followed by –ing participle include: admit, fancy, delay, miss, involve, postpone, finish, imagine, avoid, deny, risk, practise, consider, enjoy, etc. b) Verbs that are followed by the infinitive include: decide, hope, pretend, deserve, promise, attempt, offer, agree, plan, aim, afford, manage, threaten, refuse, learn, fail, etc.c) Either infinitive or –ing participle without change of meaningVerbs that can take either an infinitive or an –ing participle as object include attempt, begin, can’t bear, continue, deserve, dread, hate, intend, like, loathe, love, need, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, require, start, etc. Following these words, an infinitive or an –ing participle can alternate without change in basic meaning. There are cases, however, where the transforms are not in free variation.i) After process verbs such as begin, cease, continue, start and emotive verbs such as can’t bear, deserve, dread, hate, intend, like, loathe, love, need, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, require, the infinitive is monly used to refer to a specific act while the –ing participle is used to refer to a general act. . I can’t bear living alone. I can’t bear to see the child so badly treated. Phil prefers doing it that way. He prefers to go by train this evening.ii) After need, want, require, deserve, an active ing participle can be used to denote a passive meaning which can also be expressed by a passive infinitive. . This letter needs signing by the manager. = This letter needs to be signed by the manager. The house wants rewiring. = The house wants to be rewired.iii) After begin and start, either infinitive or –ing form is possible, but when the infinitive is a stative verb, or when begin/start is in the progressive, we use the infinitive form. . We began to see what he meant. It’s beginning to rain.d) Either infinitive or –ing participle with different meanings The verbs such as forget, go on, leave off, mean, regret, remember, stop, etc. that can take an infinitive or an –ing participle with different meanings fall into five subclasses:i) After remember, forget and regret, the infinitive refers to the next action that follows the first, and the –ing participle to a previous event. . Can’t you remember telling me the story last night? = You told me the story last night. Can’t you remember it? You must remember to tell him all that. = You must tell him all that. Don’t forget it.ii) After stop, leave off, go on, the –ing participle functions as object, while the infinitive as adverbial of purpose. . They stopped watching TV at 9:30. = At 9:30 they did not watch TV any more. He left off writing the book. = He stopped writing the book. He left off to write the book. He left some place in order to write the book.iii) After try, mean, can’t help, the choice between an infinitive and an –ing participle depends on the meaning of the preceding verb itself. . Your plan would mean spending hours. I didn’t mean to make you angry.iv) After agree, decide, there is a choice between the infinitive and “preposition + ing”. . They agreed to share the remuneration. They agreed on sharing the remuneration.v) After encourage, permit, allow, remend, advise, authorise, either the –ing participle or the infinitive with an expressed logical subject can be used. Allow doing/allow sb to do . She doesn’t allow smoking here. She doesn’t allow us to smoke here.2） the nonfinite forms as adverbial and noun phrase modifier。(object) It was in London that he met his first wife. (place)It was only when he phoned that I realized what had happened. (time)It is learning English that I find most enjoyable nowadays. (gerund action)Unit 91）simple present tense。 情態(tài)動詞+不定式的構(gòu)成方式及表達的不同語法意義Modal auxiliaries are a special type of verb in English language. Syntactically, modal auxiliaries (or “modals” for short) can only be the initial element of a finite verb phrase and are invariably followed by a bare infinitive. . *Notice that: when a modal auxiliary takes the predictive meaning, the infinitive after it may appear in the perfect form to denote past time She must have seen how scared I was and reached over.and in the progressive form to denote future time.I shouldn’t be eating them anyhow.When the modal auxiliary takes the nonpredictive meaning, the infinitive after it usually appears in its base form as in the first example.I could hear small pockets of soothing conversation everywhere.2) be going to and will。 I play tennis but I don39。 祈使句Imperative sentences, also known as “mands” begin with a verb in the imperative mood and express a mand, an instruction, an order, a warning, a request, a suggestion, a wish, an invitation, etc. There are three kinds of imperatives: the second person imperatives, the first person imperative, and the third person imperatives. For the second person imperatives, if we want to enhance the force of the imperative, we can add an emphatic DO or YOU at the beginning of the sentence. . Mr. Smith, you sit over there. Do e in. Let me have a look.Let’s stop and finish it later. Don’t let anyone shirk his responsibility. 2） question tags added to imperative clauses。 一般過去時，過去進行時，過去完成時Use of simple past tense:1) The simple past tense is used to talk about pleted actions and habits in the past. . Shakespeare died in 1616. We used to walk a mile in the morning when we were in London.2) Past tense of verbs such as want, wonder, hope is used for polite inquiries. . I wondered how you liked the film.Use of past progressive: 1) The past progressive indicates a limited duration of time and is thus a convenient way to indicate that something took place (in the simple past) while something else was happening. . Carlos lost his watch while he was running.2) The pa