【正文】 一個(gè)段落里如果沒(méi)有transitions也就很難有coherence了. 我們看下面一個(gè)例子： Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. T。前者依次有：first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, ：he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有詞匯105個(gè)，所使用的轉(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)及其他連接用語(yǔ)共26個(gè)詞，約占該段總詞匯量的四分之一。s goal in life was to bee a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them。 2） 形連 行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)及其他手段來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。s feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers. 本段的主題句是段首句，它僅提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題：為什么兩只貓會(huì)被搞混。s carelessness，先給出一個(gè)general statement作為主題句，然后通過(guò)5個(gè) ＂perhaps＂加以例證。 （generaltospecific arrangement） If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn39。根據(jù)需要，也可以由近及遠(yuǎn)，由表及里等等。 B. 按位置遠(yuǎn)近排列(spatial arrangement)。clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day. 本段從 ＂rose＂（起床）寫(xiě)起，然后是吃早餐(＂not to miss breakfast＂, ＂closing at nine o39。clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours it must have been close to noon the heat nearly hid us in。 A．按時(shí)間先后排列(chronological arrangement) 例如： We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast。如果在下筆之前沒(méi)有構(gòu)思，邊寫(xiě)邊想，寫(xiě)寫(xiě)停停，那就寫(xiě)不出一氣呵成的好文章來(lái)。只有形連而沒(méi)有意連，句子之間就沒(méi)有內(nèi)在的有機(jī)的聯(lián)系；反之，只有意連而沒(méi)有形連，有時(shí)行文就不夠流暢。t swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming Help? 3．連貫性(coherence) 連貫性包括意連和形連兩個(gè)方面，前者指的是內(nèi)在的邏輯性，后者指的是使用轉(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)。如果用一兩個(gè)具體的例子的話(huà)，就可以把主題解釋清楚了。 例如： It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it. 段首句所表達(dá)的主題思想是一種看法，必須有具體事例加以驗(yàn)證。什么是 ＂a mind in turmoil＂（心境不平靜）Physical work又如何能改變這種情況？為什么它能起therapy的作用？讀者得不到明確的答案。例如： Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression. 本段的主題句是段首句。同樣，雖然有推展句，但主題思想沒(méi)有得到相對(duì)圓滿(mǎn)的交待，給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺(jué)。卷面上如果這種句子多了，造成偏題或離題，那問(wèn)題就更嚴(yán)重了。 再看一個(gè)例子： My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my fivefeet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twentypound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby. 本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有兩個(gè)irrelevant sentences，一個(gè)是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一個(gè)是My mother was a premature baby。還有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關(guān)。d always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico. 本段的主題句是段首句，controlling idea（中心思想）是take the long trip across the country。 1.　統(tǒng)一性 一個(gè)段落內(nèi)的各個(gè)句子必須從屬于一個(gè)中心，任何游離于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。 再者，一個(gè)段落不是雜亂無(wú)章的，而是有機(jī)的組合，句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯，從一個(gè)句子到另一個(gè)句子的過(guò)渡必須流暢(smooth)，這就是連貫性(coherence)。 首先，一個(gè)段落必須有一個(gè)中心即主題思想，該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來(lái)表達(dá)。希望以上介紹的幾種方法能對(duì)大家寫(xiě)好結(jié)尾有所幫助。 (例1)I am sure that Chinese will bee one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely. (例2) If everyone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be a progress of civilization. 　　以上介紹了幾種寫(xiě)結(jié)尾段最常用的方法，但到底選擇何種方法結(jié)尾還得根據(jù)文體來(lái)決定。t be achieved. As an old saying goes: Constant dropping of water wears away a stone. 4．用反問(wèn)結(jié)尾 雖然形式是問(wèn)句，但意義卻是肯定的，具有明顯的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，引起讀者思考。 　　(例1)In conclusion, a good teacherstudent relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job. 　　(例2)On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it. 3．應(yīng)用引語(yǔ) 用格言、諺語(yǔ)或習(xí)語(yǔ)總結(jié)全文，既言簡(jiǎn)意賅又有更強(qiáng)的說(shuō)服力。 　　但是，如何才能寫(xiě)好英文短文的結(jié)尾呢?下面就介紹幾種寫(xiě)結(jié)尾段最常用的方法： 　　1．重復(fù)中心思想 回到文章開(kāi)頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上，達(dá)到再次肯定和強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。同樣，文章的結(jié)尾也很重要，好的結(jié)尾會(huì)使讀者對(duì)全文的中心思想留下深刻的