【正文】 Do so“do so”可以指代一整個動作，包括動詞+動詞的賓語+修飾語。 如果“one”改成“them”，說明Roger把所有的巧克力都吃了：After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eatTHEM.“It”是特指同一件單數事物，one和it不能替換，如果替換了就變成了指代單復數不一致了：After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat ONE. IT was delicious, but HE could eat only half of IT.5) Do it amp。除了反身代詞，其他代詞在賓語里一律不可以指代本句子主語。 2) 反身代詞反身代詞在句子中充當賓語，且直接指代句子的主語。因為“there”是副詞，在句子中充當狀語成分，因此其指代的地點也只能是做狀語的，所以一般是介詞短語（in+地點名詞）且一定是“地點”的名詞形式。d) Which并不一定只能指代緊跟which的名詞或代詞，在下面情況中也可以跳躍指代：1. Which由于只能指代物，所以如果緊跟其前面的名詞或代詞是人的話，就不符合指代要求，所以要跳躍尋找2. Which和真正修飾對象之間隔著不可移除和變動位置的定語成分，即與修飾對象關系非常緊密，起關鍵性限定作用的定語成分時，可以跳躍指代。 that enables a family withinsufficient savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing and to apply part of the rent to a purchase later.Ps：which前面加分號也不可以指代一整個句子關于which指代：a) which是引導限定性從句還是非限定性從句還存在爭議，所以這個點不能作為判斷選項對錯的依據哦?。?！b) Which在GMAT中不能指代句子，只能指代詞或短語c) Which指代的原則是“盡量就近指代”和“只用來指代句子中的核心成分”，也就是主語和賓語，指代修飾成分容易造成修飾對象邏輯錯誤。 c)d) 當that充當引導詞引導從句時，和which一樣只能指代物不能指代人。 many consider THESE unique.Right: Her products are unusual。quot。quot。That和which在引導從句的時候，本身只能指代物而不能指代人。其中，that和those只有在指代new copy時才使用，所有的事物的代詞都用it, its, they, them, their（這幾個代詞都是完全指代，即不止指代核心名詞還指代其修飾語） 而不能使用 this，that，those，these，這四個代詞只能作為形容詞使用，如：these books。 但是在GMAT中，代詞與先行詞的單復數形式是一定要一致的，在new copy中也不例外，如果一定要改變單復數，就不能使用代詞，而重復先行詞的單數或復數形式。簡單的說，這里就是指代： amount used by visible equipment..... 很長的那一串。再如下例：Lacking information about energy use, people tend to overestimate the amount of(A) equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off andunderestimate that(B) equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off andunderestimate it when (C) equipment, such as lights, that is visible and must be turned on and off andunderestimate it when (D) visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off andunderestimate that (E) visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off andunderestimate it when 這題B,C,E中it都指代錯誤。3. which，that 只能指代物，只有who, whom 才能指代人4. that 和those 指代的是一個new copy of 先行詞，而不是完全相同的指代 Example:The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her children.The executives of her pany are more excellent than those of petitors. 在第一個例句中，that的出現，是為了防止重復使用“the money“, 而不是指代“the money spent by her parents”. 這一點，it，they等代詞卻不同，他們都是指代完全相同的一個事物或人物。2. 主格和賓格代詞不能指代所有格名詞Example:Wrong: The board is investigating several executives’ pensation packages inorder to determine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM. Better: The board is investigating the pensation packages of several executive inorder to determine how much They may have been improperly awarded.Best: The board is investigating the pensation packages of several executivesin order to determine how much The executives may have been improperly awarded.分析：在第一個句子里，賓格代詞“them”不能指代所有格名詞；在第二個句子里，雖然executives不再是所有格，可以指代，但是“them”的先行詞既可以是executives也可以是packages，指代模糊；第三個句子為了防止以上兩個句子的錯誤，把代詞換成了那個本要被指代的名詞，雖然重復，但是句子正確。EG: Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT bysynthesizing heavy chemical elements, THEY provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistrybased life as we know it.“They”在第二個句子中充當主語，雖然除了“supernovas”還有“environments”和“explosions”可以充當先行詞，但基于以上所提的原則，“they”只能指代第一個并列句子的主語。 incorporating tinycellulose fibers, which allegedly give THESE MATERIALS the strength of castiron.Wrong的例子中，“they”和“them”都既可以指代”researchers”也可以指代new ”nanopaper”,雖然通過上下文和邏輯可以推測，但不能百分百確定就是ambiguous！?。?！ 錯誤四：先行詞和代詞單復數不統(tǒng)一這個和主謂一致類似，GMAC挖的陷阱也和主謂一致類似，詳情請參考主謂一致。nanopapersamp。 incorporating tinycellulose fibers, which THEY allege give THEM the strength of cast iron.Right: Researchers claim to have developed new amp。nanopapersamp。 注意：Watch out for nouns used as adjectives! They cannot be antecedents of pronouns!!The antecedent to which you want to refer must actually exist in the sentence and be functioning as a noun!!!! 錯誤二：先行詞帶入代詞的句子或短語后，邏輯不對，沒有make sense together! 錯誤三：一個代詞有多個先行詞的可能，導致ambiguousExample:Wrong: Researchers claim to have developed new amp。主語和動詞是否make sense together。2) 沒有逗號在中間的exceed和surpass也有比較的意思，要平行：Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS the incidenceamong women.Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS its incidenceamong women.Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS that amongwomen.3) In addition+名詞，表示“除…之外”Rights: IN ADDITION TO taxes, death is inevitable.（主語比較）Right: IN ADDITION TO Munster cheese，I like Swiss.（賓語比較） 1 代詞 代詞指代錯誤在GMAT中經常發(fā)生，所以每一次在題目中看到代詞，都要去檢查，看其是否指代正確！步驟是：1） 找到代詞的先行詞（先行詞一定是名詞），并且看先行詞是否唯一2） 把先行詞帶入代詞所在的句子或短語中，看邏輯是否錯誤3） 看先行詞與代詞的單復數形式是否一致 PS：這個步驟不僅對于發(fā)現代詞問題很重要，并且對主謂的檢驗也非常重要。如下例：Example:Wrong: This plan ensures that action MUST be taken. 3) “be to”在GMAT中不能用，得用will或should“be to”本來表示“某種義務或者將來會做…”，在GMAT里不用“be to”表示這兩種意思，轉而用“will”和“sh