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This flower smells very sweet. 這朵花聞起來很香。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來很傷心。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一個謎。(is與補足語一起說明主語的身份。4) 系動詞不能用于被動或進行時態(tài)作為系動詞,它本身有詞義,但不能單獨用作謂語,后邊必須跟表語(亦稱補語),構成系表結構說明主語的狀況、性質、特征等情況。3) 系動詞后要跟表語,而且表語是修飾動作的發(fā)出者的,而不是修飾系動詞的。所以在排除選項的時候,一定不能以指代不明作為唯一排除選項的標準,要結合其他考點綜合考慮。原則二選出候選先行詞,然后再利用原則三、四、五逐一排除(PS: 原則5是并列的,不是依次的)。they are potentially devastating for homeowners, whose2?。┝硗?,如果一個代詞充當從句的主語,那么它優(yōu)先指代其主句的主語。如果在一個平行的結構中,代詞指代的先行詞傾向于和它在句中充當一樣的成分。大多數時候,是先有先行詞,后出現代詞,不過當一些比較短的短語前置時,也可以代詞在前,先行詞緊隨其后,不過記得得是短的短語。Example:In the station house,IT is considered taboo.…, in the current economic climate IT may finally experience sales declines.分析:第一句中,因為house緊貼著代詞“it”(即使中間有逗號),所以不是先行詞。先行詞一般在前面,但也有很少情況出現在代詞后面,但前面優(yōu)于后面。4) 原則四:就近原則。3) 做不定式或that從句的形式賓語,把真正的賓語押后:Right: She made IT possible for us TO ATTEND the movie.總的來說,就是當不定式或者that從句做主語或賓語時,it就要取而代之做形式主語或形式賓語!u 代詞如果遇到指代不明的情況時,除了重復本需指代的名詞外,更好的辦法是用this/that/these/those/such/the+其他類似或同性質的概括性大類詞匯代替:Right: New nanopapers incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength.Right: After the landuse agreement surfaced, the mission decided to subject any SUCH CONTRACTS to debate in the future.Right: After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched for a tree to hang THE MEAT from.u 尋找代詞先行詞的2大基本原則和3大附加原則1) 原則一:代詞和先行詞數量上要一致復數形式的代詞就選定復數形式的名詞2) 原則二:代詞和先行詞在性別指代上要一致He/his指代男性,she/her指代女性,it/its屬于中性,them/their/they可指代一切性別?!癷t”還可以指代主語從句以及作主語的不定式。 Do so“do so”可以指代一整個動作,包括動詞+動詞的賓語+修飾語。3) Such(和other/another意思作用相似,不過更強調了“類似”“相似”)Such和this,that一樣不能裸奔,后面要搭個名稱來一起指代先行詞,such的意思就是“l(fā)ike the antecedent”For example:After the landuse agreement surfaced, the mission decided to subject any SUCH contracts to debate in the future.4) One “One”表示其中一個,是泛指,且“one”前面一定有復數名詞。所以只有當主語發(fā)出的動作的作用對象是主語本身時,才用反身代詞。(注意兩點:即名詞作形容詞時,不能指代;place的名詞一定在句中充當狀語而非主語或賓語)Example:Wrong: At current prices, Antarctic oil may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug THERE and environmental concerns addressed.Right: At current prices, oil in Antarctica may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug THERE and environmental concerns addressed. 另外,There+be句型在GMAT里一般都是wordy,但不是總是wordy,there be強調的是“這里存在XXXX”,如果句子里需要這樣一種強調,there be就不是多余的,如果句意是為了突出“XXXX干XXXX”或“XXXX有XXXX”等其他的點,再強調XX的存在性,就是多余的。關于what(來自網絡,非曼哈頓)u What引導的名詞性從句 what在從句中充當主語或賓語成分,what的意思相當于the thing that/which;而that引導名詞性從句時,不充當任何成分 引導名詞性從句時,what可以在介詞后作賓語,但that前面不可以有介詞(注意in that的情況,in that是連詞,且有特定意義:因為) What和which在引導賓語從句的區(qū)別在于,當指代沒有限定范圍時用what,有限定的范圍用which,意為“…中的那個”u What引導的狀語從句貌似很少,最常見的就是比較狀語從句: A is to B what C is to D1 代詞(高階)u 其他非常用代詞的注意事項1) There“there”其實是副詞,但是它意思為“in that place”有指代的作用,所以把它放到代詞這里來講。如果which可以同時指代前面出現的兩個對象,即謂語的單復數形式正確或者說是語法結構上是正確的,那么就近指代離which比較近的那個對象,這種情況下往往容易出現指代歧義或者違背原文的錯誤。d) 當that的前面是分號的時候,that可以指代前面一整個句子,如下例:OG SC 55: Many house builders offer renttobuy programs。 many consider THEM unique.以上代詞“that”特別的復雜,身兼多職,以下分別說明它在不同情況下的用法:a) 純粹做指示代詞時,that只能和名詞一起使用,不能裸奔b) 在表示new copy時,此時that不是完全指代,且指代單數,復數用those指代。Example:New nanopapers incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength.(these為adj.)Wrong: Her products are unusual。不能單獨指代事物。Example:Wrong: Her pany is outperforming THOSE OF her petitors.Right: Her pany is outperforming THE COMPANIES OF her petitors.總結:代詞是指it, its, they, them, their, that, those 以及所有人物代詞(he/his/him, she/her 等)。而that是非完全指代,指代的是new copy。It表示完全指代且指代的是原物。turned on and off and underestimate it when visible equipment, such as lights, that must beequipment, such as lights, that is visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate it when(D)must be turned on and off and underestimate it when(C) equipment, such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and off and underestimate thatused by unobtrusive equipment, such as water heaters.(A)再如下例:Lacking information about energy use, people tend to overestimate the amount of energy used by3. which,that 只能指代物,只有who, whom 才能指代人4. that 和those 指代的是一個new copy of 先行詞,而不是完全相同的指代Example:The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her children.The executives of her pany are more excellent than those of petitors.在第一個例句中,that的出現,是為了防止重復使用“the money“, 而不是指代“the money spent by her parents”. 這一點,it,they等代詞卻不同,他們都是指代完全相同的一個事物或人物。 pensation packages in order to determine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.Better: The board is investigating the pensation packages of several executive in order to determine how much They may have been improperly awarded.Best: The board is investigating the pensation packages of several executivesin order to determine how much The executives may have been improperly awarded.分析:在第一個句子里,賓格代詞“them”不能指代所有格名詞;在第二個句子里,雖然executives不再是所有格,可以指代,但是“them”的先行詞既可以是executives也可以是packages,指代模糊;第三個句子為了防止以上兩個句子的錯誤,把代詞換成了那個本要被指代的名詞,雖然重復,但是句子正確。注意:這條規(guī)律的前提條件是“平行的句子”,所以第一要平行,第二要是兩個分開的句子,而不是一個句子中的主從句。特別注意:1. 代詞在句子主語的位置上,通常會被認為指代與其平行句子的主語。 是否做到了主謂一致錯誤一:先行詞必須存在關于這一點,GMAC經常設的圈套是,把本來是名詞的詞在劇中當形容詞用,但是記住一點:先行詞一定存在于句子中并且是一個名詞!所以,在句中充當形容詞角色的所謂“名詞”,是不能充當先行詞的,也就是說,該句子缺少主語!如下面這個例子:Example:Wrong:The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to IT. Right:The rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to THE PARK.在這個例子中,代詞it的先行詞應該是park,但是park在這里不是做名詞,而是修飾rangers的形容詞,所以這道題缺少先行詞。碰見主謂時,都要問問自己,這個動詞的主語是什么。(PS: should 不能表命令) 如下列:Example:Wrong: We ARE TO receive an invitation.Right: We WILL receive an invitation. OR We SHOULD receive an invitation.u 倍數的說法見曼哈頓P250u 其他比較結構1) less或more在修飾“adj.+noun”時容易引發(fā)的歧義wrong:We have even MORE efficient engines than before.Right: We have even MORE engines that are efficient than before.Right: We have engines even MORE efficient than before.分析:錯句里,more既可以修飾efficient,也可以修飾engines,引發(fā)歧義。3) do, be, have這些助動詞永遠代表肯定的意思,如下例:Right: Some people do not eat soup. but others do. (=