【正文】 s professional leagues were attempted and fail。s basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a pergame basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the everchanging players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was anized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was anized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game。s game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably bee the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the women39。s basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem AbdulJabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The women39。 and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948。 England in 1894。 smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 1020 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball 31 gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismith39。s five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players。s bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 4954 in ( m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft ( m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere mands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two halfbushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and outlined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Men39。s games measures in (7576 cm) in circumference, and a women39。 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝！?。?2021年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄 Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Women39。 策略： A和 B都預(yù)計(jì)同伙的行為，做出最有利于自己的決定 結(jié)果：博弈的均衡 囚徒困境模型 寡頭壟斷市場(chǎng)廠商均衡的博弈模型 30 名詞： 占優(yōu)策略：無(wú)論其他廠商采用何種策略，該 策略都是本廠商的最優(yōu)策略。 博弈論首次從理論上證明，經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中各個(gè)行為者可以共贏，也叫做共贏理論 囚徒困境 信息不對(duì)稱條件下決策（博弈）的一種示例。 博弈論的主要觀點(diǎn) 信息不對(duì)稱條件下，系統(tǒng)和個(gè)人的理性決策未必能達(dá)到最優(yōu)。 經(jīng)濟(jì)生活或市場(chǎng)中，信息不對(duì)稱是一個(gè)普遍的事實(shí) （ 3）信息不對(duì)稱條件下的經(jīng)濟(jì)行為或決策 經(jīng)濟(jì)行為或決策都是在信息不對(duì)稱的條件下進(jìn)行的 ，這種決策類(lèi)似于博弈?？夏崴?、波拉特等，主要觀點(diǎn)是認(rèn)為市場(chǎng)信息總是不完全的、不充分的，信息是有價(jià)值的，獲取信息是需要支付成本的。 政府設(shè)置的壁壘 為了保護(hù)和鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新，政府出臺(tái)一些準(zhǔn)入政策、資格認(rèn)證、專利保護(hù)等措施，同時(shí)設(shè)置國(guó)際貿(mào)易壁壘，這些都可以限制新廠商進(jìn)入。 29 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)限制了其他廠商的進(jìn)入，規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)越強(qiáng)，行業(yè)中廠商的數(shù)量就越少。 廠商不 能輕易地進(jìn)入或退出行業(yè) 廠商的利潤(rùn)主要取決于與其他廠商的相互關(guān)系。 第三步： B點(diǎn)所決定的產(chǎn)量 Q2未能滿足 MR=MC，不是利潤(rùn)最大化的產(chǎn)量，此時(shí)廠 商的預(yù)期需求曲線 d0也移動(dòng)到 d1，產(chǎn)生 MR1 第四步：廠商繼續(xù)依據(jù) MR=MC安排產(chǎn)量 Q3，預(yù)期價(jià)格 P3，但實(shí)際上只能達(dá)到 Q4， 市場(chǎng)均衡點(diǎn)移到 C點(diǎn)，未能滿足 MR=MC 第五步：廠商繼續(xù)按照 MR=MC調(diào)整產(chǎn)量， 直到 E點(diǎn)所決定的產(chǎn)量 Q0能滿足 MR=MC， 即利潤(rùn)最大化的產(chǎn)量 28 壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)廠商短期均衡的三種情況 有超額利潤(rùn) 有正常利潤(rùn) 有虧損 三、壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)廠商的長(zhǎng)期均衡 壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)廠商在長(zhǎng)期只能獲得 正常利潤(rùn)，均衡條件 MR=MC 第五節(jié) 寡頭壟斷市場(chǎng) 一、寡頭壟斷市場(chǎng)特征 行業(yè)中只有為數(shù)不多的廠商，廠商可以在相當(dāng)?shù)某潭壬峡刂剖袌?chǎng)的價(jià)格。 二、壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)廠商的短期均衡 壟斷競(jìng) 爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)廠商的需求曲線 壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)廠商有兩條需求曲線： d為廠商預(yù)期的需求曲線，富有彈性 D為廠商實(shí)際的需求曲線 壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)的需求曲線與廠商決策 壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)廠商依據(jù)預(yù)期的需求曲線決策， 如降價(jià) P1— P2，廠商認(rèn)為其他廠商不會(huì)注 意，其銷(xiāo)售量由 Q1增加到 Q2， 但實(shí)際上，其他廠商也會(huì)降價(jià)，結(jié)果實(shí)際 的銷(xiāo)售量只能達(dá)到 Q3， 最后，市場(chǎng)上達(dá)到均衡的的價(jià)格和銷(xiāo)量是 由兩條曲線的交點(diǎn)為 E決定的。 資源的流動(dòng)比較自由，廠商可以比較容易地進(jìn)入或退出某一行業(yè)或生產(chǎn)集團(tuán) 每個(gè)廠商都預(yù)期自己的行為（如降