【正文】 s understanding, it is advisable for translators to violate target language rules to a certain degree. Take ?cousin‘ for example. It is not only semantically more inclusive than any of the Chinese terms like 表兄（弟），表姐（妹）， but also differs from them in the degree of acceptability as a term of address. To be sure, ?cousin‘ began to be used as a term of address as early as the 15th century, and had been used 19 this way up to the 18th century(OED, Vol II:1097), but it has gradually lost its momentum and bee less acceptable in the system of address. Despite its less acceptability, in view of its past vitality and the necessity of conveying to the maximum the information contained in the source language text, ?cousin‘ might as well be reemploy。brotherinlaw39。brotherinlaw39。老舅 39。 as addresses in English. So in ChineseEnglish translation such practice in the English language is to be respected as much as possible. For example: (7)一日，他姐丈金有余來(lái)看他，勸道：“ 老舅 ，莫怪我說(shuō)你??” —— 《儒林外史》 One day his brotheinlaw, Jin Youyu, came to see him and said, Don39。 and 39。s generation there are only 39。 as addresses。 and 39。s sisterinlaw. 18 Secondly, the Chinese stress not only the order in relation to age, as seen in such addresses as 大 舅、 二 叔， but also the point whether persons of the same generation have the same parents, as seen in addresses like 姐姐 and嫂子 . The English address system, however, does not care about such detailed differentiation. For a person of the same generation, English only has 39。 —— Xun ZhiLi In example (6), context plays its role in adopting the approach of particularization, because it has been mentioned in the novel that Mrs Gardiner, Elizabeth39。uncle39。lady39。sir39。老李 39。s generation or of about the addresser39。老李 (張、王 ……)39。Sir39。 徐鵬飛冷冷地說(shuō)。Mr39。Miss39。林老師 39。Miss39。Mrs39。Mr39。老師 39。teacher39。etc, priority ought to be given to English culture and practice in translating typical Chinese addresses. See the following examples(呂俊， 1993： 43): (1)林 老師 ，您看，這塊石頭是不是水成巖呀？ 趙 老師 ，看！看！這小花多好看呀！ —— 《青春之歌》 —— Look, Miss Lin! Is that sedimentary rock? Isn39。、 39。、 39。 as addresses, no matter whether a student addresses a teacher, or a soldier calls an officer. It is true that similarities between the two address systems provide translators with great convenience, but how to surmount abstacles of their differences is something worth studying. As Chinese abounds with many addresses which find no semantic eqivalents of theirs in English, like 39。 or 39。, but English generally has 39。、 39。、 39。 (田惠剛， 1998： 309). Differences between the Chinese and the English address systems, however, greatly surpass their similarities. Take post and rank addresses for example. In Chinese, for a person who holds a higher position there are many addresses such as 39。 or 39。 is conventionally acceptable, but not 39。 39。 or 39。 as an address, but not 39。.In the similar way English has 39。 or 39。 but not 39。 we call someone 39。or 39。 but not 39。, ?小姐 ‘ had been used in China. However, with the development of the Chinese society, these addresses are beginning to reenter the Chinese society. In title and profession addresses there are also similarities between the Chinese and the English address systems. For example, in Chinese we address someone with 39。, 39。, 15 which, for a time, exerted great influence on Chinese. By 1949, 39。 and 39。, 39。 plays. A conclusion, therefore, can be made that the above translation is unacceptable. The preferable translation should be Are you homesick, Mr. Wang? The most difficult problem, however, is not what has been discussed so far but how to translate an addressing term from source language into target language. In order to secure the quality of their translation, translators are supposed to take cultural differences and contexts into consideration, which usually interweave with each other rather than work independently. In translating addresses conventions rooted in target language are supposed to be respected as much as possible. Cultural differences The address system is a manifestation of national culture. It reflects mon practice and customs of a nation. There are more differences than similarities in the Chinese address system and the English address system, just like Chinese culture and English culture. In English the most frequently used addresses are 39。, which is in relation usage in example (6), can only refer to an individual in the third person role, which is in contradiction with the second person role that 39。 can only be either in address usage or relation usage. However, relation usage never occurs with an English social deictic word referring to the addressee. As a result, 39。s title and so on, does not belong to this kind. So 39。, which is usually followed by one39?！? —— “ Is homesick?” (?) —— “ Sometimes.” In English there are few social deictics which refer to the addressee and at the same time are in relation + address usage. 39?！?(relation + address → relation + address) (ii)尤金尼奧上上下下把溫特本打量后，這才鄭重其事地給姑娘鞠了一躬，說(shuō)：“ 小姐 ，我很榮幸通知 您 ，午餐備好了。. Look at the Chinese versions for examples (4) and (5): —— 對(duì)不起， 夫人 。) —— Yang Xiangyi —— The man laughed. ―It was all my fault. I should have been more careful. Please don‘t be vexed with me, lady.‖ (relation + address→ address). —— Tr. by Clement Egerton Conversely, an English social deictic word referring to the addressee, when put into Chinese, most probably changes into either an address or a social deictic word in relation + address usage or an address together with 39。t you the man who came first in that test which my patron Mr. Pai, Supervised?(relation→ 39。you39。. The following diagram presents a contrast of different usages between Chinese and En