【正文】 關鍵詞： 海明威；《老人與?！罚皇サ貋喐纾簧鷳B(tài)意識 iv ABSTRACT Since its publication, Hemingway’s representative work The Old Man and the Sea has won worldwide reputation and attracted critics’ attention. However, researchers and scholars mainly focused on the Santiago’s image as a tough man, the symbolic meaning of the sea and fish, the ancient Greek tragedy, the iceberg principle and pletely ignored the ecological consciousness represented by the nature. However, in recent years due to the deterioration of the ecological environment, the ecological problem has been paid attention to. Many people start some literary works from the angle of ecology, so this paper tries to discuss a series of behaviors and psychological activities from the ecological perspective so as to reveal Hemingway’s ecological consciousness in order to guide people to pletely understand the position of the nature in the world, to advocate the harmonious coexistence of mankind and the non–human, to respect and protect the ecological balance of the nature. Key words: Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, Santiago, ecological consciousness v CONTENTS 0. Introduction..............................................................................................................1 1. The introduction to ecological criticism.................................................................1 The concept of ecological criticism..........................................................................1 The functions of ecological criticism.......................................................................2 2. The study of Hemingway and the nature...............................................................2 3. The analysis of Hemingway’s ecological consciousness in his works...................3 The advocating of a simple life and conservation of natural resources………… ...3 The respect of nonhuman life and the love of the nature…… ................................4 The independence between human and the nature……………………………… ...5 The calls to return to the embrace of the nature………………………………… ...7 The wish to be friends with the nature not enemies……………………………… .8 4. The implications for the sustainable development of our society..........……… ..8 The awe towards the nature………… ...……………………………………… .… ..9 Limiting the expansion of humans desires...............................................................9 The tragic ending of conquest of the nature…………........... ................................11 5. Conclusion...............................................................................................................12 Works Cited................................................................................................................14 1 0. Introduction With the continuous development of productive forces, advanced production technology constantly emerges, which greatly facilitates people’s life. But everything has two sides. When the human has splendid civilization at the same time, human living environment is also greatly destroyed. This poses a threat to human survival and development. Ecological problem begins to be paid attention to. A lot of people begin reading literary works from the perspective of ecology. Ecocriticism has appeared under this background. This article tries to discuss a series of behaviors and psychological activities from the ecological perspective so as to find out what is the ecological consciousness Hemingway is trying to express and what are the implications for the sustainable development of our modern society? This will provide our sustainable development of our society with significant suggestions and lead us to begin to protect the nature and the environment. 1. The introduction to ecological criticism Along with the improvement of industrialization, the global environmental crisis was more and more obvious. Human beings began to pay more concern and attention to their own living environment. Ecological criticism emerged and attracted many critics’ close attention. With the more studies of ecological criticism, more and more classic literary works are interpreted from a new angle. In this part, the emphasis is mainly put on the study of the ecological criticism: its concept and its function in our society. The concept of ecological criticism Ecological criticism appeared in the latter part of the twentieth Century, when the crisis of the global environment was being increasingly serious in Europe and the United States. And then the tide of literary criticism was expanded gradually to the world. It was presented first in the article entitled “Literature and Ecology: An experiment in Ecocriticism” by the American critic William Rueckert in 1978. It integrated the ecological ideas into the field of 2 literature in order to explore the relationship between literature and the natural environment. It aims to arouse people’s ecological consciousness by reproducing the nature in the literature and explaining the literature works in a new angle. The position of people in the nature, the attitudes that people should take towards the nature and the people’s situation after destroying the environment are all included in ecocriticism. The functions of ecological criticism Glen Love proposed that the most important functions of ecocriticism is to guide people’s consciousness to a full understanding of the position of the nature where the environment is posed to a threat. Ecocriticism should observe the relationship between the human and the nature and find out the social root of ecological crisis in order to advocate the harmonious coexistence of human and non–human