【正文】 例如：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?(right)Is that will rain in the evening likely?(wrong) 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別What 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語(yǔ)．賓語(yǔ)．表語(yǔ)，而that 則不然。(2)It is said ,(reported)…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。 作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較It 作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒(méi)有變化。I don’t care whether or not she will attend the )whether可用在介詞后，或帶to不定式前，if則不可。The news that he has passed the examination is )同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別在于：定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞加以修飾、限制，而同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)說(shuō)明名詞中心詞的具體內(nèi)容；that在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)成分，為關(guān)系代詞，而在同位語(yǔ)從句中不做任何成分,僅起連詞作用。1)主語(yǔ)從句在句子中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。It is nice seeing you again．真高興又遇到了你。It is no good 。s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the 。3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來(lái)引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語(yǔ)。s+動(dòng)名詞。例如：I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個(gè)人干這活是不可能的。但是，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)，只能跟疑問(wèn)詞（如：how, what）+不定式： While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介詞except和but作“只有…，只能…”講時(shí)跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)（but與不帶to的不定式連用）。t know what to do．我不知道該怎么辦。6．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常考的其它結(jié)構(gòu)（1)疑問(wèn)詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)疑問(wèn)詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語(yǔ)。(結(jié)果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．這男孩個(gè)子不夠高，手伸不到書(shū)架。(原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔細(xì)讀書(shū)時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(伴隨)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個(gè)計(jì)劃。Given more attention, the trees could have grown ，它們本來(lái)會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。1）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個(gè)修好的表了嗎? He is an advanced teacher．他是個(gè)先進(jìn)教師。2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。如： tend to dotendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do His wish to buy a car came true．他要買輛車的愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)了。4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會(huì)、權(quán)利等抽象名詞如： ability能力，本領(lǐng) drive趕，駕駛 movement運(yùn)動(dòng)，活動(dòng) ambition抱負(fù)，野心 effort努力，嘗試 need需要，需求 campaign戰(zhàn)役，運(yùn)動(dòng) failure失敗，不及格 opportunity機(jī)會(huì) chance機(jī)會(huì) force力，壓力，要點(diǎn) promise許諾，希望 courage勇氣 intention意向，意圖 reason理由，原因 decision決定 method方法，方式 light光，光線，亮光determination決心，決定 motive動(dòng)機(jī)，目的 struggle奮斗，努力，tendency傾向，趨勢(shì) wish希望，愿望，祝愿5）被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或next，second, last, only和not a，the等限定詞時(shí)候，只能用不定式。She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了這種病(你)就要進(jìn)醫(yī)院。Let39。I don39。(3)有些動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的差別1）forget to do 忘記要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘記做過(guò)某事（此事已做過(guò)或已發(fā)生）2）stop to do 停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事3）remember to do 記住去做某事（未做）remember doing記得做過(guò)某事(已做)4)regret to do對(duì)要做的事遺憾 regret doing對(duì)做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔 5）try to do努力、企圖做某事 try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法 6)mean to do打算，有意要… mean doing意味著7）go on to do 繼而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 繼續(xù)（原先沒(méi)有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建議（做某事）9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為；+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念（注)如果這些動(dòng)詞前有should一詞，其后賓語(yǔ)只跟不定式，不能跟動(dòng)名詞。They were very excited at the news．聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，他們非常激動(dòng)。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用ed形式。(注)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異，進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)完成的。The function of Louis Sullivan39。To see is to 。It took me only five minutes to finish the ．不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別(1)不定式作表語(yǔ)1)不定式作表語(yǔ)一般表示具體動(dòng)作，特別是表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。不定式短語(yǔ)通常用來(lái)表示一件未完成的事或目的。1．不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別(1)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)通常表示抽象動(dòng)作；而不定式作主語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作。 in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of he was lost lost and B the bus at the stop, he suddenly caught sight of a he was waiting he was waiting the above若句子主語(yǔ)與狀語(yǔ)內(nèi)動(dòng)詞之間不存在邏輯上的主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系且狀語(yǔ)內(nèi)有自已的邏輯主語(yǔ)。ll do my job I have having the above伴隨狀語(yǔ) came back, _______ a bag of money on his left was carrying he was carrying the above came back, _______ by a he was followed was followed the above二、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)和with + 復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部的分詞或介詞短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是整句的主語(yǔ)，即主句主語(yǔ)與分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)不一致。該結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中可以作以下幾種成分：原因狀語(yǔ) the man ______ us ahead, we had no trouble finding the guide have guide a lot of work_____, she doesn’t have time to do be done the machine _____all the time, we finished harvesting crops in work working時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) street looks more beautiful with all the lights on be on on our problem ________, we all felt settle be settled settled his work______，thesecretarybegantowalk do be done伴隨狀語(yǔ) left the offices with tears her eyes eyes in eyes be in eyes man found the door with both his eyes be closed closed felt unfortable with two by be standing by by standing by murderer was brought in, with his be tied behind behind behind tied behind can’t see well the glasses on on the glasses the glasses to be on the glasses后置定語(yǔ) you knowtheman______abookinhishand? and B offer your seat to the woman _____ a baby in her the above分詞、獨(dú)立主格和“with + 復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)”作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別分詞結(jié)構(gòu)、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)、with + 復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)在句中均可作狀語(yǔ)，其區(qū)別是這樣的：一、分詞在句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)句子的主語(yǔ)是分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)，即主句主語(yǔ)是分詞的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者（用現(xiàn)在分詞）或動(dòng)作承受者（用過(guò)去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式）。如： , we39。如： boy followed the nobleman here, sword in hand sword in his hand a sword in hand in hand boy followed the nobleman here a sword in his hand a sword in hand a sword being in hand sword being in hand left the office, being in eyes in eyes tears in eyes tears being in eyes left the office tears being in eyes tears in her eyes tears in eyes being in eyes二、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在整句中可作以下成分：原因狀語(yǔ)該結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。t being being been , the library doesn39。All the afternoon he worked with the door 。She came in with a book in her 。注：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可在其前加上介詞with。 being +名詞（代詞）There being nothing else to do, we went ，我們就回家了。A girl came in, book in ，手里拿著書(shū)。More time given, we should have done the job much ，我們會(huì)把工作做得更好。We shall play the match tomorrow, weather ，我們就進(jìn)行比賽。它有以下三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：，它獨(dú)立存在。t have done 用法不正確，對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行否定性推斷應(yīng)為couldn39。t have hurried 答案D。t have done表示： 過(guò)去不必做某事, 但事實(shí)上做了。If only the alarm clock had ，就好了。題中空格處應(yīng)當(dāng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，答案是B。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去完成式。t watered 那棵樹(shù)看上去好象很久沒(méi)人給澆水了。例：1992年四級(jí)試題The tree looked as if it ______ for a long 39。s about time _____ ? are going home she leaves went home she had left現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)十六點(diǎn)鐘了，難道你不認(rèn)為該回家了嗎？（答案是C）It’s time you went to ’s high time that we took 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在as i