【正文】 　1 傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng) 　　傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)（MS）主要由轉(zhuǎn)向操縱機(jī)構(gòu)、轉(zhuǎn)向器和轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)3部分組成。t hurt the driver set to prevent injury institutions。s total decorate。t turn circumstances, motor doesn39。參考文獻(xiàn)[1] 林逸，施國(guó)標(biāo)．汽車(chē)電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與趨勢(shì)[J]．公路交通科技，2001．．[2] 劉波，朱俊A16汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)維修實(shí)例[J]．科技文獻(xiàn)，．[3] ．汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向懸架制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)使用與維修問(wèn)答[J]．金盾出版社．.．[4] 譚本忠．看圖學(xué)修汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng) [J]．.[5] 郭麗萍．電動(dòng)式動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)(EPs)原理淺析[J]．城市公共交通，2003．6．[6] 苗立東，等．汽車(chē)動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向技術(shù)發(fā)展綜述[J]．長(zhǎng)安大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2004，1．[7] 石美玉，等．汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向[J]．化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2005．6．附 錄PrefaceIn recent years, along with the social life of car motorization, increasing quantities, cause the traffic situation intricate, make drivers to offer the operating frequency increases, driving you need to lighten the fatigue, improve manipulation portability and flexibility, and thus power steering system requirements for more and more is also high. So far, automotive steering system through the traditional mechanical steering system, hydraulic steering system and electric hydraulic steering system and electric power steering system four stages of development, the future is likely to wire control power steering system development. Now automotive steering system is in hydraulic steering system and electric hydraulic steering system to electric power steering system development stages of transition [1]. the traditional mechanical steering system Traditional mechanical steering system (MS) mainly by steering control agencies, steering gear and steering transmission mechanism 3 parts. Steering control mechanism is the pilot control redirector work institutions, including the steering wheel at the input from ponents. The steering wheel steering is ing from torque according to certain transmission amplifier and output increases force device, steering the earliest USES is the worm type, later have a screw nut type, rackand pinion type, circulation ball type and other forms. Steering transmission mechanism is passed to the output torque steering steering wheel agencies, including the steering wheel from pitman arm of ponents [2]. When the car needs to change directions, the pilot through turned the steering wheel, steering moment, steering, via steering shaft, horizontal bars and straight bars such as the steering trapezoid arm parts, and to make the day deflection change of direction. Traditional mechanical steering system is the advantage of simple structure, reliable operation, the production cost is low. Its defect is also very obvious: (1) with the bus speed improvement and automotive quality increases, steering control, turning to more and more demanding increased the difficulty. (2) is the ratio is fixed, namely Angle transfer characteristics, cause the car can39。結(jié)論汽車(chē)電子化已成為當(dāng)前的熱點(diǎn)，電子信息技術(shù)和汽車(chē)制造技術(shù)逐步走向融合，電子技術(shù)讓汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)到達(dá)一個(gè)新的領(lǐng)域。（6）轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)及轉(zhuǎn)向臂、轉(zhuǎn)向橫（直）拉桿及球銷(xiāo)應(yīng)無(wú)裂紋和損傷，并且球銷(xiāo)不得松曠。（2）轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)靈活，操縱輕便，無(wú)阻滯、擺振現(xiàn)象。帶動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置的整體式轉(zhuǎn)向器，可靠性較高，一般不需要分解檢修；只有確認(rèn)轉(zhuǎn)向器存在故障需要檢修時(shí)，才予以分解。對(duì)于嚴(yán)重磨損或損壞的零件，必須更換。④用拉力器V/176按圖37 的方法將調(diào)整桿端頭從轉(zhuǎn)向臂上壓下。重復(fù)以上操圖37 壓下調(diào)整桿端頭作，直到轉(zhuǎn)向油罐液面無(wú)明顯下降，轉(zhuǎn)向油罐中轉(zhuǎn)向油無(wú)氣泡和乳化現(xiàn)象為止。擰下轉(zhuǎn)向油罐蓋，拆下回油管放油。如圖35，松開(kāi)轉(zhuǎn)向油泵裝配支架上的2個(gè)螺母，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)調(diào)整螺栓，當(dāng)帶中部的撓度為9～10 mm時(shí)，再將2個(gè)螺母鎖止。②轉(zhuǎn)向泵壓力檢查。 動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系的維修 動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系的維護(hù)以桑塔納2000為例： 檢查轉(zhuǎn)向油罐油平面和油液質(zhì)量①熱車(chē)時(shí)讓發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)怠速，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)，使油溫達(dá)到40OC—80 OC，檢查轉(zhuǎn)向油罐液面高度。在球頭銷(xiāo)端裝入油封、密封罩和油封蓋，并裝配另—端轉(zhuǎn)向橫拉桿接頭總成。裝配轉(zhuǎn)向直拉桿的另—端。（3）裝配①安裝轉(zhuǎn)向直拉桿總成：將彈簧座、彈簧和上球頭座依次裝入轉(zhuǎn)向直拉桿端頭的支承孔。③各球頭銷(xiāo)、銷(xiāo)座及球碗應(yīng)無(wú)裂紋，球頭銷(xiāo)頸部磨損不超過(guò)1 mm， mm，否則應(yīng)更換。③拆下轉(zhuǎn)向直拉桿總成并分解。（2）檢查調(diào)整最大轉(zhuǎn)向角。將鎖緊螺母和橫拉桿接頭總成擰到齒條接頭上，直到標(biāo)記對(duì)準(zhǔn)。固定轉(zhuǎn)向齒條，擰緊轉(zhuǎn)向齒條接頭螺母，緊固力矩為49～m）。m。將2號(hào)二硫化鉬鋰基潤(rùn)滑脂涂在齒面和整個(gè)齒條表面上，再裝入轉(zhuǎn)向齒條。用專用工具將軸承裝到小齒輪上，并裝上軸用彈性擋圈。更換時(shí)，在新的襯套內(nèi)側(cè)涂敷二硫化鉬鋰基潤(rùn)滑脂，將襯套裝入轉(zhuǎn)向齒條殼體，并對(duì)準(zhǔn)內(nèi)側(cè)的3個(gè)孔。⑨拆卸向心球軸承。⑥拆下轉(zhuǎn)向器齒條。②將轉(zhuǎn)向器總成殼體的安裝部位夾持在虎鉗上（鉗口墊上銅片或鋁片），在轉(zhuǎn)向齒條接頭總成上作好裝配標(biāo)記，拆下轉(zhuǎn)向橫拉桿接頭總成。圖32天津夏利齒輪齒條式轉(zhuǎn)向器的結(jié)構(gòu)圖。按規(guī)定力矩緊固轉(zhuǎn)向器螺釘、轉(zhuǎn)向器與車(chē)架的固定螺釘、轉(zhuǎn)向管柱固定螺釘?shù)取Ｒ匝h(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器為例：如圖31松搖臂軸上調(diào)整螺栓的鎖緊螺母1，擰動(dòng)調(diào)整螺栓2，使自由行程滿足177。若有，應(yīng)將轉(zhuǎn)向器可靠固定，找出漏油原因并加以排除。 檢查轉(zhuǎn)向管柱與轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)、轉(zhuǎn)向器的花鍵連接是否松動(dòng)或磨損，視情況予以更換。簡(jiǎn)易的轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)自由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)量檢測(cè)儀由刻度盤(pán)和指針兩部分組成，如圖24。GB/T ：最大設(shè)計(jì)車(chē)速大于或等于100 km/h的汽車(chē)，轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)自由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)量最大為200；最大設(shè)計(jì)車(chē)速小于100 km/h的汽車(chē)，轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)自由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)量最大為300。這兩種電信號(hào)由微機(jī)自動(dòng)完成數(shù)據(jù)的采集、轉(zhuǎn)角的編碼、運(yùn)算、分析、存儲(chǔ)、顯示和打印，因而該儀器既可測(cè)得轉(zhuǎn)向力，又可測(cè)得轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)轉(zhuǎn)角?！?型轉(zhuǎn)向參數(shù)測(cè)量?jī)x為例，介紹其檢測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)轉(zhuǎn)向力的方法。如果轉(zhuǎn)向沉重，不僅增加駕駛員的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，而且可能會(huì)因不能及時(shí)正確轉(zhuǎn)向而影響行車(chē)安全。轉(zhuǎn)向輪定位的檢測(cè)在行駛系中介紹。 轉(zhuǎn)向系儀器檢測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)向系的常用診斷參數(shù)有：轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)最大自由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)量（即轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)自由行程，176。 轉(zhuǎn)向助力瞬間消失故障原因主要是：轉(zhuǎn)向泵傳動(dòng)帶打滑，控制閥密封圈泄漏，系統(tǒng)泄漏造成油面過(guò)低，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)怠速過(guò)低，系統(tǒng)內(nèi)有空氣等。⑤管道不暢，應(yīng)予檢修等。因助力系統(tǒng)引起轉(zhuǎn)向噪聲的原因主要是：①轉(zhuǎn)向泵損壞或磨損嚴(yán)重，應(yīng)予修理或更換。將轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)向左右極限位置來(lái)回轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，如果左右轉(zhuǎn)向都沉重，故障在轉(zhuǎn)向泵、液壓缸或轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)；如果左右轉(zhuǎn)向助力不同，故障在控制閥。⑤轉(zhuǎn)向泵傳動(dòng)帶損壞或打滑，應(yīng)予調(diào)整或更換。具體原因主要是：①轉(zhuǎn)向油罐油液油量不足或規(guī)格不對(duì)，應(yīng)使用正確的油液并調(diào)整到規(guī)定高度。動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系的常見(jiàn)故障部位主要有：轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)自由行程、轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)連接處、轉(zhuǎn)向器、轉(zhuǎn)向泵、控制閥、油管接頭等。⑩轉(zhuǎn)向輪所在車(chē)軸的左右兩懸掛的高度或剛度不一，應(yīng)予更換等。⑥轉(zhuǎn)向器垂臂與其軸配合松曠或縱、橫拉桿球頭連接松曠，應(yīng)予調(diào)整或更換。②轉(zhuǎn)向輪使用翻新輪胎，應(yīng)予更換。 轉(zhuǎn)向輪抖動(dòng) 故障現(xiàn)象汽車(chē)在某低速范圍內(nèi)或某高速范圍內(nèi)行駛時(shí)，出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)向輪各自圍繞自身主銷(xiāo)進(jìn)行角振動(dòng)的現(xiàn)象。⑤縱、橫拉桿臂與轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)連接松曠，應(yīng)予調(diào)整或更換。具體原因主要有：①轉(zhuǎn)向器主、從動(dòng)嚙合部位間隙過(guò)大或主、從動(dòng)部位軸承松曠，應(yīng)予調(diào)整或更換。圖21 機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)向系轉(zhuǎn)向沉重常見(jiàn)故障原因的診斷流程 轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)自由行程過(guò)大轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)自由行程過(guò)大又可稱為轉(zhuǎn)向不靈敏。⑧轉(zhuǎn)向縱、橫拉桿球頭連接處調(diào)整過(guò)緊或缺油，應(yīng)予調(diào)整或添加潤(rùn)滑脂。④轉(zhuǎn)向器主、從動(dòng)部分的嚙合間隙調(diào)整過(guò)小，應(yīng)予調(diào)整。 故障主要原因及處理方法轉(zhuǎn)向沉重的根本原因是轉(zhuǎn)向輪氣壓不足或定位不準(zhǔn)，轉(zhuǎn)向系傳動(dòng)鏈中出現(xiàn)配合過(guò)緊或卡滯而引起摩擦阻力增大。轉(zhuǎn)向減振器的一端與車(chē)身（或前橋）鉸接，另一端與轉(zhuǎn)向直拉桿（或轉(zhuǎn)向器）鉸接。它所受的力既有拉力、也有壓力，因此直拉桿都是采用優(yōu)質(zhì)特種鋼材制造的，以保證工作可*。 　　為了滿足上述要求，左、右前輪的偏轉(zhuǎn)角應(yīng)滿足如下關(guān)系：圖14由轉(zhuǎn)向中心O到外轉(zhuǎn)向輪與地面接觸點(diǎn)的距離，稱為車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑。圖13 機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)向器(也常稱為轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī))是完成由旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)到直線運(yùn)動(dòng)(或近似直線運(yùn)動(dòng))的一組齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)，同時(shí)也是轉(zhuǎn)向系中的減速傳動(dòng)裝置。作為減速傳動(dòng)裝置的轉(zhuǎn)向器中有級(jí)減速傳動(dòng)副。機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)向系由轉(zhuǎn)向操縱機(jī)構(gòu)、轉(zhuǎn)向器和轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)三大部分組成（如圖11）。機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)：完全靠駕駛員手力操縱的轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)。汽車(chē)在行駛的過(guò)程中,需按駕駛員的意志改變其行駛方向。1 概 述用來(lái)改變或保持汽車(chē)行駛或倒退方向的一系列裝置稱為汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)(steering system)。關(guān)鍵詞：汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)，工作原理，故障，維修，方案，理論與實(shí)際結(jié)合Abstract: This paper describes the various parts of the vehicle steering system the role, position, the main structure, working principle, and possible failure, and proposed repair of the fault appears a feasible option。 隨著汽車(chē)工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展，轉(zhuǎn)向裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)也有很大變化。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，目前，我國(guó)技術(shù)工人中，℅，中級(jí)工占35℅，初級(jí)工占60℅?！　〗柚鷦?dòng)力來(lái)操縱的轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)稱為動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)。汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的功能就是按照駕駛員的意愿控制汽車(chē)的行駛方向。汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)對(duì)汽車(chē)的行駛安全至關(guān)重要，因此汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的零件都稱為保安件。動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)又可分為液壓動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)和電動(dòng)助力動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)。而發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家技術(shù)工人中，高級(jí)技工占35℅，中級(jí)工占50℅，初級(jí)工占15℅?，F(xiàn)代汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向裝置的設(shè)計(jì)趨勢(shì)主要向適應(yīng)汽車(chē)高速行駛的需要、充分考慮安全性、輕便性、低成本、低油耗、大批量專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)發(fā)展。 using a bination of theory and practical methods For each problem has a good understanding of the content of what they have learned a good summarized in order to further the mastery of all aspects of automotive steering systems of knowledge, deepen and consolidate the knowledge, so that the bi