曼昆經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理課件-wenkub.com
2025-08-02 07:45 本頁面
【正文】 Economies and Diseconomies of Scale 規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì) Quantity of Cars per Day 0 Average Total Cost ATC in long run 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) 規(guī)模收益不變 Summary ?The goal of firms is to maximize profit, which equals total revenue minus total cost. ?When analyzing a firm’s behavior, it is important to include all the opportunity costs of production. ?Some opportunity costs are explicit while other opportunity costs are implicit. Summary ?A firm’s costs reflect its production process. ?A typical firm’s production function gets flatter as the quantity of input increases, displaying the property of diminishing marginal product. ?A firm’s total costs are divided between fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs don’t vary with quantities produced。 Costs in the Long Run 由于許多成本在短期是固定的，但在長期卻是可變的，因此企業(yè)的長期成本曲線與短期成本曲線是不同的。 ?平均總成本曲線是 U形 . ?邊際成本曲線經(jīng)過平均總成本曲線的最低點(diǎn)，即 U形的底端。 Relationship Between Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost 邊際成本曲線穿過平均總成本曲線于其有效規(guī)模的點(diǎn)上。 ?當(dāng)平均可變成本上升到能抵銷平均固定成本的遞減時(shí)，平均總成本開始上升。 ?邊際成本有助于理解如下問題： ?生產(chǎn)額外一單位產(chǎn)量的成本是多少？ Marginal Cost QTC=qu a n t i t y )i n ( C h a n g ec os t ) i n t ot a l ( C h a n g e=MC??Marginal Cost Q u a n t i t y T o t a lC o s tM a r g i n a lC o s tQ u a n t i t y T o t a lC o s tM a r g i n a lC o s t0 $3. 00 —1 3. 30 $0. 30 6 $7. 80 $1. 302 3. 80 0. 50 7 9. 30 1. 503 4. 50 0. 70 8 11. 00 1. 704 5. 40 0. 90 9 12. 90 1. 905 6. 50 1. 10 10 15. 00 2. 10TotalCost Curve... $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Quantity of Output (glasses of lemonade per hour) Total Cost Totalcost curve ATC AVC MC AverageCost and MarginalCost Curves... $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Quantity of Output (glasses of lemonade per hour) Costs AFC 成本曲線及其形狀 邊際成本隨著產(chǎn)量增加而上升，具有遞增的特點(diǎn)。 ?可變成本指隨著產(chǎn)量變動(dòng)而變動(dòng)的成本。 從生產(chǎn)函數(shù)到總成本曲線 ?企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)量與成本的關(guān)系決定了價(jià)格決策。 Marginal Product 投入增量 產(chǎn)量增量 = 邊際 產(chǎn)量 邊際產(chǎn)量遞減 ?邊際產(chǎn)量遞減（ Diminishing marginal product）指一種投入的邊際產(chǎn)量隨著投入量增加而減少的特征。 Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit ?當(dāng)總收益超過顯性成本與隱性成本，企業(yè)將獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤。 ?顯性成本（ Explicit costs）指企業(yè)為購買生產(chǎn)用投入要素而直接支出的貨幣成本。 企業(yè)的總收益與總成
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