【正文】 一些生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師也有其他領(lǐng)域的高級(jí)培訓(xùn)。在醫(yī)院里,生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師可以提供建議的選擇和使用醫(yī)療設(shè)備,以及監(jiān)督其性能測(cè)試和維護(hù)。他們經(jīng)常為協(xié)調(diào)或接口函數(shù),使用他們的背景在工程和醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域。生物材料設(shè)計(jì)(機(jī)械、運(yùn)輸和生物相容性植入式人工材料的屬性)。專家系統(tǒng)和人工智能應(yīng)用于臨床決策診斷疾病(計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng))。 Examples of Specific Activities Work done by biomedical engineers may include a wide range of activities such as: Artificial organs (hearing aids, cardiac pacemakers, artificial kidneys and hearts, blood oxygenators, synthetic blood vessels, joints, arms, and legs). Automated patient monitoring (during surgery or in intensive care, healthy persons in unusual environments, such as astronauts in space or underwater divers at great depth). Blood chemistry sensors (potassium, sodium, O2, CO2, and pH). Advanced therapeutic and surgical devices (laser system for eye surgery, automated delivery of insulin, etc.). Application of expert systems and artificial intelligence to clinical decision making (puterbased systems for diagnosing diseases). Design of optimal clinical laboratories (puterized analyzer for blood samples, cardiac catheterization laboratory, etc.). Medical imaging systems (ultrasound, puter assisted tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, etc.). Computer modeling of physiologic systems (blood pressure control, renal function, visual and auditory nervous circuits, etc.). Biomaterials design (mechanical, transport and biopatibility properties of implantable artificial materials). Biomechanics of injury and wound healing (gait analysis, application of growth factors, etc.). Sports medicine (rehabilitation, external support devices, etc.). 由生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師的工作可能包括范圍廣泛的活動(dòng),如:人工器官(助聽器、心臟起搏器、人工腎臟和心臟,血液氧合器、人造血管、關(guān)節(jié),武器,和腿)。例如,人工髖關(guān)節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì)極好地研究解剖學(xué)、骨生物力學(xué)、步態(tài)分析、生物兼容性。生命系統(tǒng)高度監(jiān)管的反饋控制系統(tǒng),可以與最先進(jìn)的檢測(cè)技術(shù)。康復(fù)工程師也在開發(fā)硬件和軟件計(jì)算機(jī)適應(yīng)性和認(rèn)知艾滋病協(xié)助人們認(rèn)知的困難。骨科生物也追求基本細(xì)胞功能研究,和mechanosignal轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。骨科生物分析的摩擦、潤(rùn)滑和磨損特征的自然和人工關(guān)節(jié)。 they perform stress analysis of the musculoskeletal system。他們也可能與醫(yī)生合作,使儀器適應(yīng)特定需求的醫(yī)生和醫(yī)院。這些功能,小型設(shè)備提供化合物可以刺激或抑制細(xì)胞過程精確的目標(biāo)位置,促進(jìn)愈合或抑制疾病的形成和發(fā)展。它包括運(yùn)動(dòng)的研究,材料變形、流在身體和設(shè)備,和運(yùn)輸?shù)幕瘜W(xué)成分在生物和合成媒體和膜。某些金屬合金、陶瓷、聚合物和復(fù)合材料作為植入材料。計(jì)算機(jī)是生物儀器的重要組成部分,從微處理器專用儀器用來做各種小任務(wù)所需的微機(jī)處理大量的信息在醫(yī)學(xué)成像系統(tǒng)中。醫(yī)學(xué)成像。生物材料。 medical imaging。 biomaterials。生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師的工作與其他衛(wèi)生保健專業(yè)人員包括醫(yī)生、護(hù)士、理療師和技術(shù)人員。最新的美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院的機(jī)構(gòu),NIBIB 2001建設(shè)項(xiàng)目和行政人員,大部分時(shí)間都在準(zhǔn)備預(yù)算要求,建立辦公空間,確定資金和格蘭特識(shí)別代碼和程序,并確定項(xiàng)目(研究、培訓(xùn)和交流)重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域和機(jī)會(huì)。許多其他新的和現(xiàn)有項(xiàng)目受益于基金會(huì)的支持。s Bioengineering Consortium (BECON) in September 2001, and awarded its first research grant in April 2002. 部門和項(xiàng)目的數(shù)量繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)緩慢但穩(wěn)步在1980年代和1980年代初。1971年路易斯安那理工大學(xué),德克薩斯Aamp。1966年5凱斯西儲(chǔ)大學(xué)。目前的研究生課程是早期的一種擴(kuò)展。塔爾博特的幫助下,他請(qǐng)求美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院的資金支持生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程教學(xué)方法的小組討論。十個(gè)社會(huì)看到這種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn),形成了原始AIMBE的成員。 Louisiana Tech, Texas Aamp。 Case Western 5 Reserve University in 1968。到2002年,研究生,項(xiàng)目開發(fā)和建設(shè)的設(shè)施。除了專業(yè)的社會(huì),生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程領(lǐng)域時(shí)收到一大筆盟友惠特克基金會(huì)成立于1975年,?，F(xiàn)在會(huì)員數(shù)量近1200專業(yè)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師,1600年與另一個(gè)學(xué)生成員。因?yàn)橛胁簧賹I(yè)團(tuán)體,建立了幾個(gè)傘組織促進(jìn)合作。一個(gè)特殊的“漂浮”在生物聲學(xué)研究部分加工應(yīng)用和生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程。醫(yī)療電子產(chǎn)品成為了IEEE憤怒專業(yè)小組3生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程專業(yè)小組(PGBME),許多成員名稱更改反映了事實(shí),尤其是前AIEE成員關(guān)心非電子的話題。 In 1963, the AIEE and the IRE merged to form the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Contributing forces for the merger were the members of the AIEE and IRE technical mittees for biomedical engineering. Most members favored it and had been collaborating with their counterparts in the other society for years. 1963年,AIEE和憤怒合并形成了電氣與電子工程學(xué)院。參加會(huì)議,到1961年增加到近3000人。大約20個(gè)文件是少于100的傳遞給觀眾。 Following the Second World War, administrative mittees began forming around the bined areas of engineering, medicine and biology. A biophysical society was formed in Germany in 1943. Five years later, the first conference of engineering in medicine and biology convened in the United States, under the auspices of the Institute of Radio Engineers (forerunner of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), the American Institute for Electrical Engineering, and the Instrument Society of America. It was a small meeting. About 20 papers were delivered to an audience of fewer than 100. The first 10 annual conferences paid most of their attention to ionizing radiation and its implications. As conference topics broadened, so did attendance. The topic of the 1958 conference, Computers in Medicine and Biology, drew 70 papers and more than 300 attendees. By 1961, conference attendance swelled to nearly 3,000. 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之后,行政委員會(huì)開始在工程領(lǐng)域相結(jié)合,形成醫(yī)學(xué)和生物學(xué)。德紹,率先研究電離輻射的生物效應(yīng)。開始的時(shí)候,三人幾乎無法區(qū)分,沒有正式的培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃。 In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered that a cathoderay tube could make a sheet of paper coated with barium platinocyanide glow, even when the tube and the paper were in separate rooms. Roentgen decided the tube must be emitting some kind of penetrating rays, which he called “X” rays for unknown. This set off a flurry of research into the tissuepenetrating and tissuedestroying properties of Xrays, a line of research that ultimately produced the modern array of medical imaging technologies and virtually eliminated the need for exploratory surgery. 1895年,威廉倫琴偶然發(fā)現(xiàn),陰極射線管可以與氰亞鉑酸鹽鋇一張紙涂布發(fā)光,即使管和紙是在單獨(dú)的房間。電生理學(xué)的早期具有里程碑意義的發(fā)生在1848年當(dāng)杜布瓦Reymond發(fā)表了公認(rèn)Ueber死tierische Elektrizitaet。 No matter what the date, biomedical engineering has provided advances in medical technology to improve human health. Biomedical engineering achievements range from early devices, such as crutches, platform shoes, wooden teeth, and the everchanging cache of instruments in a doctor’s black bag, to more modern marvels, including pacemakers, the heartlung machine, dialysis machines, diagnostic equipment, imaging technologies of every kind, and artificial organs, implants and advanced prosthetics. The National Academy of Engineering estimates that there are currently about 32,000 bioengineers working in various areas of health technology. 無論什么日期,生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程提供了先進(jìn)的醫(yī)療技術(shù)來改善人類健康。2000年,德國(guó)考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)3000歲高齡的木乃伊從底比斯木制假肢與作為大腳趾的腳。研究人員說,穿底部表面上表明它可能是最古老的下肢義肢。生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程成就范圍從早期設(shè)備,如拐杖,松糕鞋,木制的牙齒,和不斷變化的緩存工具在醫(yī)生的黑包,更現(xiàn)代的奇跡,包括心臟起搏器、人工心肺機(jī),透析機(jī)器,診斷設(shè)備,各種成像技術(shù),和人造器官,移植和先進(jìn)的假肢。赫爾曼倫琴?zèng)Q定管必須發(fā)出某種穿透光線,他稱為“X”光線不明。 Between World War I and World War II a number of laboratories undertook research in biophysics and biomedical engineering. Only one offered formal training: the Oswalt Institute