【正文】 同時(shí)，對(duì)身邊的同學(xué)也表示感謝，對(duì)于我的論文中某些觀點(diǎn)提出的修改建議對(duì)我而言，獲益頗多。該系統(tǒng)不僅編程簡(jiǎn)單、靈活，具有較高的可靠性，而且成本低，具有良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)在測(cè)繪系統(tǒng)的廣泛應(yīng)用，傳統(tǒng)的儀器設(shè)備缺乏相應(yīng)的計(jì)算機(jī)接口，因而配合數(shù)據(jù)采集及數(shù)據(jù)處理十分困難，而且，傳統(tǒng)儀器體積相對(duì)龐大，多種數(shù)據(jù)測(cè)量時(shí)常感到捉襟見(jiàn)肘，手足無(wú)措。其中傳統(tǒng)控制策略包括：固定周期、最長(zhǎng)等待隊(duì)列、相對(duì)最長(zhǎng)等待隊(duì)列控制策略等等；智能控制策略的核心算法包括：模糊邏輯、遺傳算法、收益桶算法、改進(jìn)的強(qiáng)化學(xué)習(xí)算法、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)及這幾種算法的不同組合與優(yōu)化。雖然固定控制器可以精確的給出路口狀態(tài)的持續(xù)時(shí)間，但是仍需要調(diào)整許多細(xì)節(jié)?？梢哉{(diào)整這個(gè)偏移量使幾個(gè)交通信號(hào)燈進(jìn)行合作，例如交通信號(hào)燈同步延遲。由于其綠燈循環(huán)順序一定，并不考慮交通信息，所以一定會(huì)有這樣的情況發(fā)生：一個(gè)路口上沒(méi)有多少車(chē)輛卻長(zhǎng)久的占有綠時(shí)，另外一個(gè)路口上有很多的車(chē)輛卻無(wú)法得到綠時(shí)只能被動(dòng)的處于等待狀態(tài)。（6）使用人員可以通過(guò)軟件編程或采用現(xiàn)有的分析模塊，根據(jù)工程的實(shí)際需要實(shí)時(shí)、直接地對(duì)測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行各種分析與處理。傳統(tǒng)儀器在出廠時(shí)其功能已經(jīng)由廠商確定，用戶(hù)不能根據(jù)自己的需求隨時(shí)進(jìn)行修改，只能一機(jī)一用，而虛擬儀器則可借助通用的數(shù)據(jù)采集裝置，編制不同的軟件測(cè)試方案，構(gòu)造幾乎任意功能的儀器，“軟件就是儀器”的思想在這里再次體現(xiàn)。虛擬儀器具有以下一些特點(diǎn)：（1）儀器的功能和性能的實(shí)現(xiàn)大多采用硬件軟件化或以軟件代硬件技術(shù)來(lái)完成復(fù)雜的控制、分析或處理等能力，強(qiáng)調(diào)“軟件就是儀器”的新概念，在虛擬儀器中，除了必備的硬件外，解決了傳統(tǒng)儀器單個(gè)儀器資源不能共享的現(xiàn)狀。與傳統(tǒng)的電子儀器相比，虛擬儀器以軟件取代了部分的硬件，用軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)了數(shù)據(jù)讀取、數(shù)據(jù)分析處理、數(shù)據(jù)顯示等傳統(tǒng)儀器只能用硬件實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能。虛擬儀器通過(guò)軟件將計(jì)算機(jī)硬件資源與儀器硬件有機(jī)地融合為一體，從而把計(jì)算機(jī)強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算處理能力和儀器硬件的測(cè)量、控制能力結(jié)合在一起，大大縮小了儀器硬件的成本和體積，并通過(guò)軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的顯示、存儲(chǔ)以及分析處理?！败浖褪莾x器”已經(jīng)成為測(cè)試與測(cè)量技術(shù)發(fā)展的重要標(biāo)志。由此導(dǎo)致的交通秩序的惡化已嚴(yán)重影響了現(xiàn)代化的城市建設(shè)和國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。 It integrates conveniently, not only may with the high speed data gathering equipment constitution automatic sizing system, moreover may with the control device constitution automatic control system. Along with the puter technology in the survey system39。s hypothesized instrument technology function is formidable, may realize the oscilloscope, the logical analyzer, the spectrometer, the signal generating device and so on many kinds of ordinary instrument plete functions, matches may also examine the specific system39。 The intelligent control strategy39。s all sorts of malpractices, the people have made each kind of improvement to it. For example will enhance performance this characteristic in view of a crowded road section green light cycle longer Vietnam, the people will cause it regarding the busy road section primordial consideration change green. And proposed the signal light displacement quantity, namely defines one cycle to be opposite in other streettraffic control lights cycle beginning time displacement quantity. We can adjust this displacement quantity to cause several streettraffic control lights to carry on the cooperation, for example streettraffic control lights synchronization detention. Moreover in view of may the pound event, the introduction table record peculiar circumstance hypothesis. Although these improvements already to a certain extent optimized the traffic condition, but static controller’s all sorts of malpractices still existed. For example its parameter hypothesis work huge, and the controller needs to have the rule along with the transportation situation change to carry on the renewal。s memory function fully. (6) Using the personnel to be possible or uses the existing analysis module through the software programming, according to the project actual need realtime, carries on each kind of analysis and processing directly to the test data.3 Streettraffic control lights control policy and electronic information import analysis The streettraffic control lights control policy39。s instrument may use or share puter39。s hardware is merely to solve the signal recuperation and the input output. Compares with the traditional electronic instrumentation, the hypothesized instrument has substituted for the part hardware by the software, realized the data read, data analysis processing, the data with the software to demonstrate that and so on traditional instruments only could use the function which the hardware realized. The hypothesized instrument operates this puter through the friendly graphical interface, looks like a traditional instrument which operates itself to have custommade to be the same. It by the transparent way the puter resources and the instrument hardware39。s concept, leads the hypothesized test technology the recent development time, afterward developed and has promoted based on many kinds of bus systems hypothesized. The hypothesized instrument broke through the tradition electronic instrumentation take the hardware as the main body pattern, in fact is one kind based on puter39。 general rule, to alleviates the traffic jam according to the actual situation formulation corresponding general rule, raises the street intersection vehicles general efficiency to have the very vital practical significance. The streettraffic control lights are managing the transport network the most important element, but street various street intersections are also the vehicles general key are. Along with the electronic information technology39。
參考文獻(xiàn)[1] 郭玉平. 探討交通信號(hào)燈. 北京, 北京工業(yè)技術(shù)出版社, 2005.[2] 余華，岳秋琴. 電子設(shè)計(jì)自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的發(fā)展及在現(xiàn)代數(shù)字電子系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用. 現(xiàn)代電子技術(shù), 2001, 12（5）：167—170.[3] 何小艇. 電子系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì). 浙江, 浙江大學(xué)出版社, 2004.[4] 林紅. 數(shù)字電路與邏輯設(shè)計(jì). 北京, 清華大學(xué)出版社, 2009.[5] 周偉. 交通信號(hào)燈的設(shè)計(jì)原理. 上海, 上海光源研究所, 2006.[6] 李青. 電路與電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ). 浙江, 浙江科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社, 2005.[7] 謝自美. 電子線(xiàn)路設(shè)計(jì)從而設(shè)計(jì)出主干道交替通行的交通燈控制系統(tǒng)。定時(shí)系統(tǒng)用兩片CD4029構(gòu)成2位十進(jìn)制可預(yù)置減法計(jì)數(shù)器，時(shí)間顯示狀態(tài)由兩片中規(guī)模集成電路74LS47和兩個(gè)共陽(yáng)極LED七段數(shù)碼管進(jìn)行譯碼顯示，預(yù)置到減法計(jì)數(shù)器的時(shí)間常數(shù)通過(guò)三片8路雙向三態(tài)門(mén)74LS245來(lái)設(shè)定。用示波器監(jiān)視秒脈沖發(fā)生器的輸出，調(diào)節(jié)電位器 RW，使輸出信號(hào)的周期為1s。在整個(gè)交通信號(hào)控制系統(tǒng)中，該處的脈沖信號(hào)就是控制交通信號(hào)燈狀態(tài)變化的脈沖信號(hào)。這部分仿真電路是交通信號(hào)燈狀態(tài)控制器與交通信號(hào)燈顯示電路相連接后的測(cè)試電路。簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明如下：CP 為時(shí)鐘脈沖輸入端，UD為加/減計(jì)數(shù)控制端BIND為二進(jìn)制/十進(jìn)制計(jì)數(shù)端，PE為置數(shù)控制端，CI為計(jì)數(shù)控制端，0為計(jì)數(shù)輸出端，TC為進(jìn)位輸出端，PPPP0為置數(shù)輸入端[10]。 仿真調(diào)試交通信號(hào)燈狀態(tài)控制器將秒信號(hào)引入狀態(tài)控制器脈沖輸入端，在該脈沖作用下，觀察主控制器的狀態(tài)是否是按00、0100的規(guī)律變化，如果不是這樣就應(yīng)查找原因。Multisim可以與新的NI Ultiboard11軟件結(jié)合，為工程師提供高性?xún)r(jià)比、端對(duì)端原型平臺(tái)。Multisim軟件結(jié)合了直觀的捕捉和功能強(qiáng)大的仿真，能夠快速、輕松、高效地對(duì)電路進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)和驗(yàn)證。它包含了電路原理圖的圖形輸入、電路硬件描述語(yǔ)言輸入方式，具有豐富的仿真分析能力。由于＝0，放電管T截止，VCC又經(jīng)過(guò)R1和R2對(duì)電容C充電。秒脈沖電路如圖53，波形圖如圖54。表51 555功能表 555定時(shí)器構(gòu)成的秒信號(hào)發(fā)生器采用555設(shè)計(jì)的秒信號(hào)發(fā)生器及其工作波形，其振蕩頻率與實(shí)際的數(shù)字鐘頻率略有出入，但可以通過(guò)校時(shí)裝置校時(shí)。 555定時(shí)器的引腳排列圖及引腳功能圖51 555的內(nèi)部電路圖圖52 555定時(shí)器引腳排列圖555定時(shí)器各引腳的功能如下：1端GND為接地線(xiàn)；2端TR為低電平觸發(fā)端，也稱(chēng)為觸發(fā)輸入端。最大值 ，可與TTL，CMOS等邏輯電路配合，也就是它的輸出準(zhǔn)位及輸入觸發(fā)準(zhǔn)位，均能與這些邏輯系列的高、低態(tài)組合。 NE555的特點(diǎn)本設(shè)計(jì)用NE555來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)秒脈沖發(fā)生器。555是一種時(shí)基電路，——18V電源電壓下工作，輸出電瓶可與TTL、CMOS、HTL邏輯電路兼容，定時(shí)或震蕩精度僅與外接元件特性有關(guān)，具有200mA的吸入或供出電流，可直接推動(dòng)揚(yáng)聲器，電感等低阻抗負(fù)載。它結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、性能可靠、使用靈活，只要外部配上適當(dāng)阻容元件，就構(gòu)成脈沖產(chǎn)生和整形電路。當(dāng)狀態(tài)控制器在