【正文】 Webb, Paul eds. Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. New York: Oxford.Taagepera, Rein amp。 P, Mair. eds. How Parties Organize. London: Sage, 158184.Sundberg, Jan. 1995. “Organizational Structure of Parties, Candidates Selection and Campaigning.” In Borg, Sami amp。 Pridham, Geoffred. eds. Small Parties in Western Europe: Comparative and National Perspective. London: Sage.Sundberg, Jan. 1992. “Finland.” In R, Katz amp。 Laakso, Seppo. 1971. “Results of Parliamentary Election and the Formation of the Cabinets of Teuvo Aura and Ahti Karjalainen in 1970.” Scandinavian Political Studies 6:2, 212215.S?nkiaho, Risto amp。 Meyriat, Jean. eds. International Guide to Electoral Statistics, Vol. I: National Elections in Western Europe. Mouton: Netherlands, 77101.Reynolds, Andrew amp。 Oksanen, Matti. 1983. “The 1983 Parliamentary Election in Finland.” Electoral Studies 2:2, 269274.Pesonen, Pertti amp。 Sankiaho, Risto. eds. The Finnish Voter. Jyvaskyla: The Finnish Political Science Association, 187207.Pesonen, Pertti. 1960. “The Voting Behavior of Finnish Students.” Democracy in Finland. Helsinki: The Finnish Political Science Association, 93104.Pesonen, Pertti. 1962. “Studies on Finnish Political Behavior.” In Ranney, Austin. ed. Essays on the Behavioral Study of Politics. Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press, 217234.Pesonen, Pertti amp。 Wiio, Osmo A. 1967. “Some Effects of Radio and Television on Candidate and Party Images.” Scandinavian Political Studies 2:2, 223244.Nousiainen, Jaakko. 1971. The Finnish Political System. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Nurmi, Hannu. 1990. “A Theoretical Review of the Finnish Parliamentary and Presidential System.” In Sundberg, Jan amp。 Pekonen, Ky?sti. 1999. “Finnish Urban Youth, Political Dealignment and a New Conservative Reaction.” In Pekonen, Ky?sti ed. The New Radicial Right in Finland. Jyvaskyla: The Finnish Political Science Association, 159184.Moring, Tom. 1994. “Political Broadcasts in Finland.” In Kaid, Lynda Lee amp。 Taagepera, Rein. 1979. “Effective Number of Parties: A Measurement with Application to West Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 12, 327.Lagerspetz, Eerik. 1993. “Social Choice in the Real World.” Scandinavian Political Studies 16:1, 123.Lane, JanErik amp。 Engivian, Max eds. 1989. Finland: People, Nation, State. London: Hurst amp。 Company.Jutikkala, Eino amp。 Skard, Torild. 1985. “The Arena for Political Activity: The Position of Women in the Nordic Societies Today。 Parties(vol I). New York: Facts on File.Gallagher, Michael. 1991. “Proportionality, Disproportionality and Electoral Systems.” Electoral Studies 10:4, 348352.Goul Anderson, J?gen. 1992. “The Decline of Class Voting Revisited.” In Gundelach, Peter amp。 Change. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.Duverger, Maurice. 1955. Trans. Barbara and Robert North. Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. London: MethuenElder, Neil. 1988. The Consensual Democracies? : The Government and Politicsof the Scandinavian States. Oxford.: B. Blackwell.Engman, Max amp。 Sankiaho, Risto. eds. The Finnish Voter. Jyvaskyla: The FinnishPolitical Science Association, 155170.Borg, Sami. 1995c. “Electoral Participation, Party Choice and CandidateChoice.” In Borg, Sami amp。s Press.Arter, David. 1987. Politics and PolicyMaking in Finland. New York: St.Martin’s Press.Arter, David. 1991. “The Finnish Leftist Alliance: A Defensive Victory?” The Journal of Communist Studies 7:3, 398404.Arter, David. 1999. Scandinavian Politics Today. London: Manchester.Arter, David. 1999. “From Class Party to Catchall Party? – The Adaptation of the Finnish AgrarianCenter Party.” Scandinavian Political Studies 22:2, 157180.Berglund, Sten. 1990. “The Ecology of Finnish Communism: A Study onPostwar Data(194583).” In Sundberg, Jan amp。 Berglund, Sten. eds. Finnish Democracy. Jyvaskyla: The Finnish Political Science Association, 2650.Andren, Nils amp。二、 英文部分Alestalo, Matti. 1986. Structural Change, Classes and the State Finland in an Historical and Comparative Perspective. Helsinki: Research Group for Comparative Sociology 33/1986, University of Helsinki.Allardt, Erik amp。隋杜卿，2003，「立法委員選舉制度改革–雙首長(zhǎng)制的思考」，兩岸立法制度與立法運(yùn)作，臺(tái)北：韋伯，頁(yè)159229。游清鑫，2003，「選舉機(jī)制與民主化」，兩岸立法制度與立法運(yùn)作，臺(tái)北：韋伯，頁(yè)231259。吳東野，1996，「單一選區(qū)兩票制選舉方法之探討：德國(guó)、日本、俄羅斯選舉之實(shí)例比較」，選舉研究，第三卷第一期，頁(yè)69102。王業(yè)立，2000，「未來(lái)立委選制調(diào)整的幾個(gè)方向及其利弊得失」，國(guó)會(huì)改革：臺(tái)灣民主憲政的新境界？，臺(tái)北：新臺(tái)灣人基金會(huì)，頁(yè)1326。39。39。Hondt method.The Finnish electoral system has undergone some transformations since it was originally introduced in 1906. As it works today, general elections are held every four years (there is a provision for premature dissolutions of parliament–a presidential prerogative). There is no predetermined order of the candidates within each list. The names of the candidates are normally printed on large sheets of paper, where each candidate has a number, and the names may be organized within each list for example in alphabetical order. The ballot paper is a small slip of paper, where the voter has to write the number of the candidate for whom he or she is voting. The individual votes thus received by different candidates within each list (normally each list corresponds to one party or a coalition of several smaller parties) will determine their final order. In other words, the voter has the duty to vote for a single candidate, and the electoral campaign is very much oriented accordingly, as a petition between individuals, although the voters presumably are also aware of the party affiliation of the candidates and of the fact that their votes will benefit not only the individual candidate but also the party in question.When the votes have been counted and the order of the candidates within each list thus has been established, the final allocation of seats to the lists is carried out by the election board on the basis of parison numbers, using the d39。[ 英文摘要 ]The Finnish electoral system was introduced in 1906 and electi