【正文】 .（著手，說【示意】，“盤左”，【用豎絲】將 B 點(diǎn)的目標(biāo)仔細(xì)分中，水平度盤讀數(shù)為 25 度）⑵The upper plate clamp is released and telescope is turned clockwise to survey point C. The readingon horizontal circle is 75176。 minus the vertical angles.（顯然，天頂距等于 90 度減去豎直角）Vertical angles or zeniths are used in the correction of slope distance to the horizontal or in heightdetermined.（豎直角或天頂距用于斜距化平距的改正或者高程的測量）For the most part, the instrument used in the measurement of angles is called a transit or theodolite,although angles can be measured with clinometers, sextants (hydrographic surveys), or passes.（在極大程度上【for the most part】，用來測角的工具被稱為經(jīng)緯儀，雖然角度可以用傾斜儀【一種測量物體隨時(shí)間的傾斜變化和鉛垂線隨時(shí)間變化的儀器】、六分儀（用于海道測量）、或羅盤儀來測）The theodolite contains a horizontal and vertical circles of either glass or silver.（經(jīng)緯儀有一個(gè)玻璃的或鍍銀的水平度盤和豎直度盤）The horizontal and vertical circles of theodolite can be linked to circular protractors graduated from0176。）The zenith is an angle measured in a vertical plane downward from an upward directed vertical linethrough the instrument.（天頂距是一個(gè)在豎直面內(nèi)從一個(gè)過儀器的被定向?yàn)橄蛏系呢Q直方向線 向下測量的角。】）A vertical angle is an angle measured in a vertical plane which is referenced to a horizontal lineby plus (up) or minus (down) angles, or to a vertical line from the zenith direction.（豎直角是在一個(gè)豎直面內(nèi)參考于【reference 參考】水平線的正（仰）角或負(fù)（俯）角，或者相對(duì)于一個(gè)天頂方向的垂線的角）Plus and minus vertical angles are sometimes referred to as elevation or depression angles, respectively.（正負(fù)豎直角有時(shí)分別【respectively 分別地】被稱為仰角【elevation angle】或俯角【depression angle】）A vertical angle thus lies between 0176。）A horizontal line at a point is any line that is perpendicular to the vertical line at the point. （一點(diǎn)上的水平線是垂直【perpendicular 垂直的】于過該點(diǎn)的垂線的直線。 (2)Light wave systems withrange up to 5 km (for small machines), visible light, lasers and distance reduced by visibility。）EDM instruments refer to the distance measurement equipments using light and radio waves. （EDM 是利用光波和無線電波測距的設(shè)備【refer to 譯為“是”】）Both light waves and radio waves are electromagnetic.（光波和無線電波都是電磁波【electromagnetic電磁的】）They have identical velocities in a vacuum (or space) to 299,177。 this is an advantage ofinternalfocus telescopes for stadia work.（內(nèi)調(diào)焦望遠(yuǎn)鏡因此被發(fā)明【construct 建立、創(chuàng)立】，C 為或近似為 0；這是內(nèi)調(diào)焦望遠(yuǎn)鏡在視距測量中的一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)。）Tacheometry involves the measurement of a related distance parameter【參數(shù)】 either by means of afixedangle intercept.（視距測量包括一個(gè)相關(guān)距離參數(shù)的測量和依靠定角截距的測量【by means of依靠】【either 表示并列】）Theodolite tacheometry is an example of stadia system. （經(jīng)緯儀視距測量就是視距儀器的一個(gè)例子）The theodolite is directed at the level staff where the staff is held vertically and the line of sight of thetelescope is horizontal.（將經(jīng)緯儀【is directed at 被動(dòng)語態(tài)，翻譯為將；direct at 對(duì)準(zhǔn)……】對(duì)準(zhǔn)水準(zhǔn)尺【level staff】，水準(zhǔn)尺豎直，望遠(yuǎn)鏡的視線【可以翻譯為視準(zhǔn)軸】水平。）Ordinary taping refers to the very mon tapes that we can buy them in stores, such as the plastic tapesor poly tapes. （普通尺距測量使用【refers to 引用】的是我們可以在商店里買到的非常普遍的的尺子，例如塑膠尺或滌綸尺。）Pacing can be performed at an accuracy level of 1/100~1/500 when performed on horizontal land, whilethe accuracy of pacing can’t be relied upon when pacing up or down steep hills.（當(dāng)在水平場地進(jìn)行時(shí)，步測可以達(dá)到 1/100 到 1/500 的相對(duì)精度，而當(dāng)?shù)孛嫫鸱^大時(shí)，這樣的精度就不能保證了。測繪學(xué)包括的學(xué)科有：測量學(xué)，大地測量學(xué)，遙感和攝影測量學(xué)，制圖學(xué)，GIS，GPS ）[from the Dept. of Sruveying and Spatial Information Science at the Univ. ofTasmania]（摘自塔斯馬尼亞大學(xué)，測量與空間信息科學(xué)系）Unit 33Distance Measurement（距離測量）One of the fundamentals of surveying is the need to measure distance. （ 測 量 工 作 的 一 項(xiàng) 基 礎(chǔ)【fundamental 基本原則，同時(shí)有基礎(chǔ)的意思】是距離測量）Distances are not necessarily linear, especially if they occur on the spherical earth. （距離不一定指的是直線的，尤其是在地球曲面上的距離）In this subject we will deal with distances in Euclidean space, which we can consider a straight line fromone point or feature to another. （這里【In this subject 翻譯成這里】，我們所涉及的是歐幾里德空間，我們可以認(rèn)為一條從一點(diǎn)到另一點(diǎn)或一個(gè)特征到另一個(gè)特征的線是直線。）[from the Dept. of Geomatics at Univ. of Melbourne]（摘自墨爾本大學(xué)測繪學(xué)系【或者地球空間信息學(xué)系】Geomatics prises the science, engineering, and art involved in collecting and managinggeographicallyreferenced information. Geographical information plays an important role in activitiessuch as environmental monitoring, management of land and marine resources, and real estate transactions.（測繪學(xué)包括自然科學(xué)，工程學(xué)和工藝或【技術(shù)】學(xué)；對(duì)地理信息的收集與管理。它的應(yīng)用覆蓋所有依賴空間數(shù)據(jù)的學(xué)科，包括環(huán)境研究，規(guī)劃，工程學(xué)，導(dǎo)航，地質(zhì)和地球物理學(xué)，海洋學(xué)，土地開發(fā)，土地經(jīng)營和旅游學(xué)。它包括地籍測量、水道測量和海圖測量，在土地管理和土地使用中扮演重要的角色。）Other Definitions of Geomatics（測繪學(xué)的其他定義）As defined by the Canadian Institute of Geomatics in their quarterly journal “Geomatica”:Geomatics is a field of activities which, using a systemic approach, integrates all the means usedto acquire and manage spatial data required as part of scientific, administrative, legal and technicaloperations【業(yè)務(wù)】 involved in the process of the production and management of spatial information.（加拿大測量學(xué)會(huì)【Canadian Institute of Geomatics】在他們的季刊“地球空間信息學(xué)”中這樣定義：測繪學(xué)是利用系統(tǒng)的方法，為生產(chǎn)和處理【management】科學(xué)的，行政的，法律的【legal】和技術(shù)的業(yè)務(wù)【operations】所需的空間信息，將所有獲取和管理空間信息的方法【means】整合在一起的活動(dòng)領(lǐng)域。）Data management and process are handled through the use of puter programs for engineering design,digital photogrammetry, image analysis, relational data base management, and geographic informationsystems (GIS). （通過計(jì)算機(jī)程序，數(shù)據(jù)管理和處理 應(yīng)用于工程設(shè)計(jì)，數(shù)字?jǐn)z影測量【digital photogrammetry】，圖像分析，相關(guān)資料庫的管理和 GIS。）This broad term applies both to science and technology, and mapping, geodesy, satellite positioning,photogrammetry, remote sensing, geographic information systems(GIS), land management ,putersystems, environmental visualization and puter graphics.（這個(gè)廣泛的術(shù)語應(yīng)用于科學(xué)和技術(shù)，以及制圖、大地測量學(xué)、衛(wèi)星定位、攝影測量學(xué)、遙感、地理信息系統(tǒng)、土地管理、計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)、環(huán)境可視化和計(jì)算機(jī)制圖等領(lǐng)域）Several terms such as “geomatics” ,“geomatic engineering,” and “geoinformatics” are now inmon use pertaining to activities generally concerned with geographic information.（現(xiàn)在一些術(shù)語如“測繪學(xué)”，“測繪工程”和“地學(xué)信息學(xué)”共同應(yīng)用于某些活動(dòng)中―――專屬于【pertain to】通?！緂enerally】涉及【concern with】地理信息的活動(dòng)。）As a result, the role of the “surveyor” is expanding beyond traditional areas of practice, as describedabove, into new areas of opportunity.（結(jié)果是，“surveyor”的角色大大超越傳統(tǒng)實(shí)踐領(lǐng)域――如前面所述的領(lǐng)域