【正文】 2．動名詞的用法動名詞通常在句中作主語和賓語。例如：She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the deadline．The Vikings are believed to have discovered America．When you called me last night, I happened to be working on the puter．5．不定式的被動形式當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是動作的承受者時，不定式要用被動形式，包括它的一般式和完成式。例如：Why stand up if you can sit down?Why not ask your teacher when you don39。6)在介詞but，except之后，如果其前有動詞do的某種形式，其后不定式一般不帶to，反之則必須帶to，表示“不得不，只能”。John let fly a torrent of abuse at me．約翰朝我痛罵了一頓。例如：He was often heard to say that he would study hard．After he had finished speaking，he was made to answer innumerable questions．3)在動詞help之后可用不帶to的不定式，也可用帶to的不定式。例如作原因狀語：They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area．They are quite surprised because they see the great changes taking place in the area．He was lucky to arrive before dark．He was lucky because he arrived before dark．作目的狀語：She raised her voice to be heared better．She raised her voice so that she could heard better．We went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jam．We went via Heidelberg so that we could miss the traffic jam．作結(jié)果狀語：The French football team played so successfully as to defeat the Brazilians．The French football team played so successfully that they even defeated the Brazilians．He got to the station only to be told the train had gone．He got to the station and was told that the train had gone．不帶to的不定式的使用動詞不定式通常帶to，但在有些搭配中不帶to，在另一些搭配中可帶to可不帶to。例如：There was really nothing to fear． He gave me an interesting book to read．如果不定式是不及物動詞，后面就得加相應(yīng)的介詞。常見的疑問代(副)詞有: what, when, where, which, how, whether等。2．不定式的用法1)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago．To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge．在上述情況下，如果不定式較長，顯得頭重腳輕，則可由代詞讓作形式主語(形式主語it不可由that或this等其他代詞代替)，而將不定式放到后面。s instruction that she must study hard．The question whether or not I should help him in such a case troubled me greatly．第四節(jié) 動詞不定式1．不定式的基本形式與結(jié)構(gòu)動詞不定式指通常由to加上動詞原形 (如to write) 所構(gòu)成的一種非限定性動詞形式，但在有些情況下to可以省略。由because引起的表語從句通常只用在“this／that／it is because” 結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：To postpone the conference until next month indicated that they were unprepared．Nearly a11 the staff agreed with what I said．Everyone worried about her because no one was aware of where she had gone．Could you offer more details except that it happened at night?由what，whether，how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可用在介詞后，而由that引導(dǎo)的從句只跟but，besides，except，in, save之后。主語從句主語從句常出現(xiàn)在it is+名詞、形容詞、分詞+主語從句”的形式中。s novels used to be so popular that her books appeared on bestseller lists.Gas balloon is less safe than hot balloon because it may catch fire.Uniform acceleration (同樣的加速) occurs if the rate of change remains the same over successive equal intervals of time． Thousands of Chinese college students went to the US Consulate Shanghai，where they protested NATO39。在非限定性定語從句中，which可代表前面的整個句子；代表人時只能用who，whom，而不能用that；as也可用作關(guān)系代詞。whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語。例如：The first doll that could say“mama”was invented in 1830．The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part，during which he sailed round the Cape Horn． 代表a11，anything，something，nothing，much等詞時，用that而不用which，that作賓語可省略。名詞從句包括主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句及there be句型。例如：Our foreign exchange reserve didn39。t so simple as taking it up．形容詞和副詞的比較級形式為：“形容詞(副詞)比較級+than+…”，應(yīng)注意than前后相比較的人或物要一致。有些形容詞沒有比較級形式，如：absolute，chief，entire，eternal，excellent，fatal，final，foremost，inevitable，infinite，main，naked，perfect，possible，primary，right，sufficient，supreme，universal，utter，vital，whole，wooden，etc，例如：Mary is the best student in the class．Further negotiation will be conducted next month．The food we have is sufficient.Needless to say，he is stronger than his opponent．一般副詞的比較級和最高級與形容詞一樣，單音節(jié)的以在詞尾加er和est構(gòu)成，多音節(jié)的以加more和most的方法構(gòu)成；有些比較特殊，如：well—betterbest，badlyworseworst，muchmoremost，littlelessleast。3)形容詞修飾不定代詞something，anything，everything時要后置。例如：Henry’s speech was so vivid that his audience applauded againand again，It is easier to adapt to new situations if one has a flexible attitude．We have finished the preliminary exam．Your suggestion is priceless，and 1 will consider carefully．3)有些詞尾為ly的并非副詞，而是形容詞，如：lovdy，likdy，deadly，earthly(現(xiàn)世的)，leisurdy(空閑的)，weekly，yearly，manly(丈夫氣概的)，brotherly，friendly等。二者基本分為同級比較、比較級和最高級三種形式。例如：Our football team was defeated again，which shows our players need much more effort．The factory now has over 1,000 workers，half of whom are women．He promised to tell us all that he knew．Whose turn to make presentation is bcyond me.8)連接代詞有：what，who，whonl，whose，which，用來連接主語從句、賓語從句和表浯從句。who可作主語和表語；whom作賓語，whose，what，which可作主語、表語、賓語和定語，其中作主語時，要看所代表的人或物是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，如果不清楚，則動詞一般用單數(shù)。Such也是指示代詞，可作定語、主語和表語，修飾可數(shù)名詞時要與a連用。有：myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves。名詞性物主代詞作表語、主語、賓語，與of連用可作定語：yours，ours，theirs，mine，her，his，its。s.2．代詞的用法 1)人稱代詞有主格人稱代詞，在句中充當(dāng)主語：I，you，he，she，it, we，you，they和賓格人稱代詞，在句中充當(dāng)賓語：me，you，him，her，it, us，you；them。 2)它所修飾的詞前面有+個指示代詞，使句子表示某種情緒。注意以man，woman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞，全部變成復(fù)數(shù)。d better inform my family members before leaving for Beijing．The United States and Germany are two member states of NATO.復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)只把其中所包含的主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)。The fundamentals are made to guarantee the social stabilityDon’t take any valuables there for the sake of safety.The goods were purchased from him aren’t expensive.I think our problem can be solved by means of negotiation. 名詞做定語時，不能用作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：I must seek the advice of a specialist in the matter of the transfer of property rights．Headache is the most mon disease of human.I really get a lot of fun from reading in leisure time.The population of Shanghai is very big.有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的含義不同，使用時要根據(jù)上下文的意思進行選擇。例如：The shorts he wears are made of leather.Linguistics is a difficult subject to study.He used to study electronics which isn’t his favorite suject．I love to live in the suburbs that are conclusive．有些名詞一般情況下以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，表示總體。例如：Beethoven i