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ll be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into 25 the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end. Skydiver preps for the big jump When he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound 690 mph (1,110 kph) in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him pletely. If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes it39。 Have declared the end of the encounter that haven39。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可,只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強(qiáng)心劑,或者說(shuō),是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。s time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a selfrighteous spiritual. 一個(gè)人的時(shí)候,自己的想法總是特別地清晰。t want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already can39。 The end of our life, and can meet many things really do? 而窮盡我們的一生,又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可? During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional。 May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it. 一字開(kāi)頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲。s 21 win. Michel Platini, president of European football39。s antiracism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association39。t agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you ? your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly. For more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, see Dismissal. You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haven39。出現(xiàn)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不能起動(dòng)和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)電控單元存儲(chǔ)上述故障碼也就得到了合理的解釋,只是故障癥狀與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)防盜系統(tǒng)因鑰匙非法或故障而鎖止發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)略有區(qū)別。將示波器的探針接在儀表板后的網(wǎng)線接口處檢側(cè),如果信號(hào)正常,說(shuō)明儀表電控單元內(nèi)部的 CAN 控制器或收發(fā)器有故障,需要更換儀表電控單元。而儀表電控單元失去通訊的故障碼屬于總線系統(tǒng)故障碼,后用診斷儀進(jìn)人儀表電控單元,還發(fā)現(xiàn)儀表電控單元與 ABS、氣囊、 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)電控單元都失去了通訊,儀表電控單元像是從整個(gè)總線系統(tǒng)中被甩掉了。同時(shí)儀表板顯示不正常,儀表板上的蓄電池報(bào)警燈和 EPC(電子油門(mén))報(bào)警燈閃爍。 SAE 碼 VAG 碼 含義 P1626 18034 數(shù) 據(jù)總線缺少來(lái)自自動(dòng)變速器控制單元的信息 P1636 18004 數(shù)據(jù)總線缺少來(lái)自安全氣囊控制單元的信息 P1648 18056 數(shù)據(jù)總線損壞 P1649 18057 數(shù)據(jù)總線缺少來(lái)自 ABS 控制單元的信息 P1650 18058 數(shù)據(jù)總線缺少來(lái)自組合儀表控制單元的信息 P1682 18090 數(shù)據(jù)總線中來(lái)自 ABS/DEL 控制單元的信息不可靠 P1683 18091 數(shù)據(jù)總線中來(lái)自安全氣囊控制單元的信息不可靠 P1684 18261 數(shù)據(jù)總線中來(lái)自 ABS/EL 控制單元的信息不可靠 20 圖 大眾 POLO 乘用車動(dòng)力數(shù)據(jù)總線故障代碼表 數(shù)據(jù)總線系統(tǒng)的故障大多是因短路、斷路或 CAN 高位數(shù)據(jù)線和 CAN 低位數(shù)據(jù)線裝混所致,可利用示波器進(jìn)行檢查排除。 大眾 POLO 乘用車的 CAN 總線系統(tǒng)的檢修 大眾 POLO 乘用車的 CAN 系統(tǒng)的故障都可以采用最新版本的 VAG155 VAG1552型檢測(cè)儀進(jìn)行檢測(cè)診斷,現(xiàn)以 動(dòng)力 CAN 數(shù)據(jù)總線系統(tǒng)為例予以說(shuō)明。 如果數(shù)據(jù)總線上查不出引起硬件損壞的原因,檢查是否由某一控制單元引起該故障。如果數(shù)據(jù)總線仍不能正常工作,則更換另一個(gè)控制單元。 排除所有功能故障后,如果控制單元數(shù)據(jù)傳遞仍不正常,則檢查數(shù)據(jù)總線系統(tǒng)。例如:傳感器損壞,其結(jié)果就是傳感器信號(hào)不能通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)總線系統(tǒng)傳遞。利用大眾 、 或 電控單元診斷儀,可以讀取與 CAN 數(shù)據(jù)總線有關(guān)的故障碼,也可以顯示相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)流。 ③ .檢查汽車電源系統(tǒng)是否存在故障,如交流發(fā)電機(jī)的輸出波形或點(diǎn)火高壓電路是否正常(若不正常將導(dǎo)致信號(hào)干擾等故障)等。 17 圖 數(shù)據(jù)總線 的診斷接口 J533將 CAN驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置數(shù)據(jù)總線和 CAN舒適模式數(shù)據(jù)總線的診斷數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換到車身導(dǎo)線上 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制單元、自動(dòng)變速器控制單元和舒適系統(tǒng)的中央控制單元有一根單獨(dú)的車身導(dǎo)線。 由于兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)的傳輸率不同,要進(jìn)行直接的通信是不可能的。它由車載網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)的控制單元 J51帶有用于數(shù)據(jù)總線的診斷接口 J533(網(wǎng)關(guān))、空調(diào)電子控制系統(tǒng)的控制單元 J25空調(diào)控制單元 J30舒適系統(tǒng)的中央控制單元 J39駕駛員側(cè)車門(mén)控制單元 J38左后車門(mén)控制單元 J38診斷接頭及控制單元 J503(帶有無(wú)線電和導(dǎo)航用顯示單元),前座乘客側(cè)車門(mén)控制單元 J387 和右后車門(mén)控制單元 J389。它們的區(qū)別在于傳輸?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)內(nèi)容不同。 ④打開(kāi)或關(guān)閉中控門(mén)鎖時(shí)閃爍。如果后排座椅中間位置的靠背部分安裝不正確,在打開(kāi)點(diǎn)火開(kāi)關(guān)后,儀表板中的靠背連接裝置,指示燈會(huì)亮起約 20 秒,提醒駕駛員和乘坐人員對(duì)之進(jìn)行調(diào)整。該功能對(duì)提高車輛使用安全性有利。 30 分鐘,車載網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)控制單元通過(guò)其定時(shí)控制裝置使得燃油泵重新受控。接著車載網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)控制單元控制燃油繼電器 J643,并使燃油泵 G6 運(yùn)行大約 2 秒。該功能同樣有利于保持蓄電池電量。通 過(guò)車載網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)控制單元J519 可以確保在車輛停止而車門(mén)未關(guān)閉狀態(tài)下,車內(nèi)燈 10 分鐘后自動(dòng)關(guān)閉,這樣可以避免蓄電池不必要放電??紤]到短時(shí)間用電器的電流需求,車載網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)控制單元的負(fù)荷管理系統(tǒng)定期監(jiān)控蓄電池電壓。也就是說(shuō)網(wǎng)關(guān)將不同速率的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行格式轉(zhuǎn)換 ,變成滿足 CAN 網(wǎng)絡(luò)要求的數(shù)據(jù),放在 CAN 網(wǎng)絡(luò)上。其數(shù)據(jù)傳遞速率較動(dòng)力控制系統(tǒng)低,以 100kb/s 速率傳遞數(shù)據(jù)。為了能有效的進(jìn)行車輛的負(fù)荷管理,更加有效地實(shí)現(xiàn)車內(nèi)燈控制和燃油供給控制等功能,該車上裝有車載網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng),承擔(dān)以前一直由單獨(dú)的繼電器和控制單元所執(zhí)行的功能,使車輛的整體性能大大提高。 因此 CANBUS 總線成為倍受工業(yè)界的重視 ,并已公認(rèn)為最有前途的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線之一。 CAN 總線的基本特點(diǎn) ( 1)廢除傳統(tǒng)的站地址編碼,代之以對(duì)通信數(shù)據(jù)塊進(jìn)行編碼,可以多主方式工作; ( 2)采用非破壞性仲裁技術(shù),當(dāng)兩個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)同時(shí)向網(wǎng)絡(luò)上傳遞數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),優(yōu)先級(jí)低的節(jié)點(diǎn)主動(dòng)停止數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送,而優(yōu)先級(jí)高的節(jié)點(diǎn)可不受影響繼續(xù)傳輸數(shù)據(jù),有效避免了總線沖突; ( 3)采用短幀 發(fā)送 ,每一幀的有效字節(jié)數(shù)為 8 個(gè),數(shù)據(jù)傳輸時(shí)間短,受干擾的概率低 ,重新發(fā)送的時(shí)間短; ( 4) 每幀數(shù)據(jù)都有 CRC 校驗(yàn)及 其他檢錯(cuò)措施,保證了數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)母呖煽啃裕m于在高干擾環(huán)境下使用 ; ( 5) 節(jié)點(diǎn)在錯(cuò)誤嚴(yán)重的情況下,具有自動(dòng)關(guān)閉總線的功能,切斷它與總線的聯(lián)系,以使總線上其他操作不受影響; ( 6) 可以點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn),一對(duì)多及廣播集中方式傳送和接受數(shù)據(jù)。如 9 果要確定 CAN的殘余錯(cuò)誤概率 ,我們可將殘留錯(cuò)誤的概率作為具有 80~ 90位的報(bào)文傳送時(shí)位錯(cuò)誤概率的函數(shù) ,并假定這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中有 5~ 10 個(gè)站 ,并且錯(cuò)誤率為 1/1000,那么最大位錯(cuò)誤概率為 10— 13 數(shù)量級(jí)。 殘余數(shù)據(jù)錯(cuò)誤的概率可以通過(guò)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸可靠性的統(tǒng)計(jì)測(cè)量獲得。 CAN 使用地址訪問(wèn)的方法,