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畢業(yè)論文-氣動(dòng)機(jī)械手的設(shè)計(jì)-wenkub.com

2025-01-09 16:43 本頁(yè)面
   

【正文】 與其一味顧慮重重,不如從局外人的角度看待決策之事。其實(shí),我們有能力面對(duì)這些痛苦的感受,從中領(lǐng)悟到 出路。 Whenever a painful situation arises in your life, try to embrace it instead of running away or trying to mask the hurt. When the sadness strikes, take a deep breath and lean into it. When we run away from sadness that’s unfolding in our lives, it gets stronger and more real. We take an emotion that’s fleeting and make it a solid event, instead of something that passes through us. 當(dāng)生活中出現(xiàn)痛苦的事情時(shí),別再逃跑或隱藏痛苦,試著擁抱它吧;當(dāng)悲傷來(lái)襲時(shí),試著深呼吸,然后直面它。 instead of letting the world soften us, we let it drive us deeper into ourselves. We try to deflect the hurt and pain by pretending it doesn’t exist, but although we can try this all we want, in the end, we can’t hide from ourselves. We need to learn to open our hearts to the potentials of life and let the world soften us. 生活發(fā)生不幸時(shí),我們常常會(huì)關(guān)上心門;世界不僅沒(méi)能慰藉我們,反倒使我們更加消沉。 Have declared the end of the encounter that haven39。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可,只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強(qiáng)心劑,或者說(shuō),是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。s time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a selfrighteous spiritual. 一個(gè)人的時(shí)候,自己的想法總是特別地清晰。t want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already can39。 The end of our life, and can meet many things really do? 而窮盡我們的一生,又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可? During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional。 May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it. 一字開(kāi)頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲。s 21 win. Michel Platini, president of European football39。s antiracism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association39。t agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly. For more informu, take advice from one of the anisations listed under Further help. Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation. Most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from 29 one of the anisations listed under Further help. ation about dismissal and unfair dismissal, see Dismissal. You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haven39。這種數(shù)控車床可同時(shí)控制兩個(gè)坐標(biāo)軸,即 x軸和z軸。 臥式數(shù)控車床按功能可進(jìn)一步分為經(jīng)濟(jì)型數(shù)控車床、普通數(shù)控車床和車削加工中心 (1)經(jīng)濟(jì)型數(shù)控車床:采用步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)和單片機(jī)對(duì)普通車床的車削進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行改造后形成的簡(jiǎn)易型數(shù)控車床。 數(shù)控車床的結(jié)構(gòu) 數(shù)控車床的組成:數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、床身、主軸、進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)、回轉(zhuǎn)刀架、操作面板和輔助系統(tǒng)等。 當(dāng)然,由于本人設(shè)計(jì)水平有限、在課程中沒(méi)有接觸過(guò)機(jī)械手的相關(guān)課程,實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)的不足,以及時(shí)間上的限制,在設(shè)計(jì)中難免存在一些錯(cuò)誤。 在課題的研究和開(kāi)發(fā)階段,我得到了機(jī)械與電氣工程學(xué)部老師的大力支持和幫助,在此一并向他們表示衷心的感謝。老師嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹螌W(xué)態(tài)度和精益求精的工作作風(fēng)使我受益匪淺。 通過(guò)對(duì)氣壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)工作原理圖的參數(shù)化繪制,大大提高了繪圖速度, 節(jié)省了大量時(shí)間和避免了不必要的重復(fù)勞動(dòng),同時(shí)做到了圖紙的統(tǒng)一規(guī)范。 采用氣壓傳動(dòng),動(dòng)作迅速,反應(yīng)靈敏,能實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)載保護(hù),便于自動(dòng)控制。 段 CPU對(duì)用戶程序已掃描處理完畢,并將運(yùn)算結(jié)果寫(xiě) 入到 I/0狀態(tài)表狀態(tài)暫存器中。 第三階段是程序處理階段。當(dāng)確認(rèn)其硬件工作正常后,進(jìn)入下一階段。輸入輸出狀態(tài)暫存器也稱為 I/0狀態(tài)表 .該表是一個(gè)專門存放輸入輸出狀態(tài)信息的存儲(chǔ)區(qū)。為此采用了循環(huán)掃描的工作方式。 第六章 機(jī)械手的 PLC控制設(shè)計(jì) 考慮到機(jī)械手的通用性,同時(shí)使用點(diǎn)位控制,因此我們采用可編程序控制器(PLC)對(duì)機(jī)械手進(jìn)行控制 .當(dāng)機(jī)械手的動(dòng)作流程改變時(shí),只需改變 PLC程序即可實(shí)現(xiàn),非常 方便快捷。 導(dǎo)向桿目前常采用的裝置有單導(dǎo)向桿,雙導(dǎo)向桿,四導(dǎo)向桿等,在本設(shè)計(jì)中才用單導(dǎo)向桿來(lái)增加手臂的剛性和導(dǎo)向性 。反之,輸出軸作順時(shí)針?lè)较蚧剞D(zhuǎn)。 f 摩擦系數(shù),對(duì)于滾動(dòng)軸承 ?f ,對(duì)于滑動(dòng)軸承 ?f 。 t? 起動(dòng)過(guò)程所需的時(shí)間 (s)。 下面以圖 41所示的手腕受力情況,分析各阻力矩的計(jì)算 : 手腕加速運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的慣性力矩 M悅 若手腕起動(dòng)過(guò)程按等加速運(yùn)動(dòng),手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)的角速度為 ? ,起動(dòng)過(guò)程所用的時(shí)間為 t? ,則 : ).(1 cmNtJJM ??? ?)(慣 式中 :J 參與手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的部件對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸線的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量 )..( 2scmN 。 圖 41手碗回轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)受力狀態(tài) 手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)所需的驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩可按下式計(jì)算 : 16 封摩偏慣驅(qū) MMMMM ???? 式中 : 驅(qū)M 驅(qū)動(dòng)手腕轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩 ( cmN? )。手腕自由度的選用與機(jī)械手的通用性、加工工藝要求、工件放置方位和定位精度等許多因素有關(guān)。 3,缸筒壁厚的設(shè)計(jì) 缸筒直接承受壓縮空氣壓力,必須有一定厚度。N tg? ?????? 所 以 Rbp 2? N )(245 N? (3)實(shí)際驅(qū)動(dòng)力 : ? 21KKpp ?實(shí)際 I,因?yàn)閭髁C(jī)構(gòu)為齒輪齒條傳動(dòng),故取 ?? ,并取 ?K 。例如圓柱形工件采用帶“ V”形面的手指,以便自動(dòng)定心。 (二 )手指間應(yīng)具有一定的開(kāi)閉角 兩手指張開(kāi)與閉合的 兩個(gè)極限位置所夾的角度稱為手指的開(kāi)閉角。同理,當(dāng)二支點(diǎn)回轉(zhuǎn)型手指的手指長(zhǎng)度變成無(wú)窮長(zhǎng)時(shí),就成為移動(dòng)型。 二、設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)參數(shù) : 10 抓重 : kg5 自由度數(shù) :4個(gè)自由度 坐標(biāo)型式 :圓柱坐標(biāo) 最大工作半徑 : mm1400 手臂最大中心高 : mm1250 手臂運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù) : 伸縮行程 mm1200 伸縮速度 smm/400 升降行程 mm120 升降速度 smm/250 回轉(zhuǎn)范圍 ?? 1800 ? 回轉(zhuǎn)速度 s/90? 手腕運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù) : 回轉(zhuǎn)范圍 ?? 1800 ? 回轉(zhuǎn)速度 s/90? 手指夾持范圍 :棒料 : mmmm 15080 ?? ? 定位方式 :行程開(kāi)關(guān)或可調(diào)機(jī)械擋塊等 定位精度 : mm1? 1驅(qū)動(dòng)方式 :氣壓傳動(dòng) 1控制方式 : 機(jī)械手臂剖視圖圖 26 11 第三章 手部結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 為了使機(jī)械手的通用性更強(qiáng),把機(jī)械手的手部結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)成可更換結(jié)構(gòu),當(dāng)工 件是棒料時(shí),使用夾持式手部 :如果有實(shí)際需要,還可以換成氣壓吸盤式結(jié)構(gòu), 夾持式手部結(jié)構(gòu)由手指 (或手爪 )和傳力機(jī)構(gòu)所組成。手臂升降行程定為 mm120 。大部分機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì)成相當(dāng)于人工坐著或 站著且略有走動(dòng)操作的空間。平均移動(dòng)速度為 sm/ 。操作節(jié)拍對(duì)機(jī)械手速度提出了要求,設(shè)計(jì)速度過(guò)低限制了它的使用范圍。 .機(jī)械手的驅(qū)動(dòng)方案設(shè)計(jì) 由于氣壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)作迅速,反應(yīng)靈敏,阻力損失和泄漏較小,成本低廉因此本機(jī)械手采用氣壓傳動(dòng)方式。因此,手腕設(shè)計(jì)成回轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)構(gòu),實(shí)現(xiàn)手腕回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)構(gòu)為回轉(zhuǎn)氣缸。由于本機(jī)械手在上下料時(shí)手臂具有升降、收縮及回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),因此,采用圓柱座標(biāo)型式。明確工件的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀和材料特性,定位精度要求,抓取、搬運(yùn)時(shí)的受力特性、尺寸和質(zhì)量參數(shù)等,從而進(jìn)一步確定對(duì)機(jī)械手結(jié)構(gòu)及運(yùn)行控制的要求 。 連續(xù)軌跡控制 它的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡為空間的 任意連續(xù)曲線,其特點(diǎn)是設(shè)定點(diǎn)為無(wú)限的,整個(gè)移動(dòng)過(guò)程處于控制之下,可以實(shí)現(xiàn)平穩(wěn)和準(zhǔn)確的運(yùn)動(dòng),并且使用范圍廣,但電氣控制系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜。此類機(jī)械手目前還不多,但有發(fā)展前途。它的主要特點(diǎn)是運(yùn)動(dòng)準(zhǔn)確可靠,用于工作主機(jī)的上、下料。其主要特點(diǎn)是 :介質(zhì)李源極為方便,輸出力小,氣動(dòng)動(dòng)作迅速,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,成本低。其主要特點(diǎn)是 :抓重可達(dá)幾百公斤以上、傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn)、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、動(dòng)作靈敏。在性能范圍內(nèi),其動(dòng)作程序是可變的,通過(guò)調(diào)整可在不同場(chǎng)合使用,驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和控制系統(tǒng)是獨(dú)立的。 .機(jī)械手的分類 工業(yè)機(jī)械手的種類很多,關(guān)于分類的問(wèn)題,目前在國(guó)內(nèi)尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在此暫按使用范圍、驅(qū)動(dòng)方式和控制系統(tǒng)等進(jìn)行分類??刂葡到y(tǒng)有電氣控制和射流控制兩種,它支配著機(jī)械手按規(guī)定的程序運(yùn)動(dòng), 并記憶人們給予機(jī)械手的指令信息 (如動(dòng)作順序、運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡、運(yùn)動(dòng)速度及時(shí)間 ),同時(shí)按其控制系統(tǒng)的信息對(duì)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)出指令,必要時(shí)可對(duì)機(jī)械手的動(dòng)作進(jìn)行監(jiān)視,當(dāng)動(dòng)作有錯(cuò)誤或發(fā)生故
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